Collaborative explanation,explanatory roles,and scientific explaining in practice

Scientific explanation is a perennial topic in philosophy of science, but the literature has fragmented into specialized discussions in different scientific disciplines. An increasing attention to scientific practice by philosophers is (in part) responsible for this fragmentation and has put pressure on criteria of adequacy for philosophical accounts of explanation, usually demanding some form of pluralism. This commentary examines the arguments offered by Fagan and Woody with respect to explanation and understanding in scientific practice. I begin by scrutinizing Fagan's concept of collaborative explanation, highlighting its distinctive advantages and expressing concern about several of its assumptions. Then I analyze Woody's attempt to reorient discussions of scientific explanation around functional considerations, elaborating on the wider implications of this methodological recommendation. I conclude with reflections on synergies and tensions that emerge when the two papers are juxtaposed and how these draw attention to critical issues that confront ongoing philosophical analyses of scientific explanation.     

Collaborative explanation and biological mechanisms

This paper motivates and outlines a new account of scientific explanation, which I term ‘collaborative explanation.’ My approach is pluralist: I do not claim that all scientific explanations are collaborative, but only that some important scientific explanations are—notably those of complex organic processes like development. Collaborative explanation is closely related to what philosophers of biology term ‘mechanistic explanation’ (e.g., Machamer et al., Craver, 2007). I begin with minimal conditions for mechanisms: complexity, causality, and multilevel structure. Different accounts of mechanistic explanation interpret and prioritize these conditions in different ways. This framework reveals two distinct varieties of mechanistic explanation: causal and constitutive. The two have heretofore been conflated, with philosophical discussion focusing on the former. This paper addresses the imbalance, using a case study of modeling practices in Systems Biology to reveals key features of constitutive mechanistic explanation. I then propose an analysis of this variety of mechanistic explanation, in terms of collaborative concepts, and sketch the outlines of a general theory of collaborative explanation. I conclude with some reflections on the connection between this variety of explanation and social aspects of scientific practice.     

爆能综合利用潜力研究

本文在综述约束条件下的爆能结构的基础上,提出了综合利用爆能的途径,指出了这项新技术的进展、存在问题和今后方向。     

STUDY ON THE DECHLORINTION MECHANISMS DURING ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF PULP BLEACHERY EFFLUENTS

INTRODUCTIONAt present fifty sorts chemical substances have been determined to influence endocrine system, half of which are chlorides, such as dioxins. The structure of these substances is similar with biologic hormone. When they are taken in body of human, they can destroy hormone balance of biology and result in endocrine disorder, the more serious problem is that they lead to heteroplasia and procreant unconventionality. As people pay more attention to water environment and understand…     

复杂环境下高耸砖混结构烟囱爆破拆除

本文介绍了复杂环境下砖混结构烟囱定向爆破拆除,采用了合理的爆破切口、孔网参数、安全防护措施,达到了良好的爆破效果,文中经验对同类爆破工程具有一定的参考价值。     

提高巷道掘进爆破效率降低掘进成本的有效途径

以某金矿为例，分析了巷道掘进爆破效率低、掘进成本高的原因，提出了解决途径。     

自动武器中滚柱凸轮机构分析的数值法

本文是文[1]的继续。作为这种数值法的应用实例,还对某某高射机枪开锁加油过程进行了分析,用牛顿迭代法解非线性方程组,用龙格—库塔法解机构运动微分方程。在紫金Ⅱ微机上用BASIC语言编制程序计算,取得可靠的结果。     

英坪矿山爆破震动的分析与研究

在英坪矿山爆破施工过程中,为降低爆破震动对边坡和周围建筑物的影响,根据实测爆破震动数据,通过对爆破震动波的拟合分析、爆破参数的优化,最终得出爆破震动的水平衰减规律及在不同传播方向上差异。提出了合理的爆破方案,对今后的矿山安全生产和岩土工程爆破具有重要的应用价值和实践意义。     

基于MIDAS Gen的多层钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌数值模拟分析

汶川地震中大量钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)框架结构破坏严重,极震区其倒塌率却远超过多层砖混结构。2022年9月以来,四川频发地震,为重新探讨倒塌机理及抗震性能,本文研究通过实地震害及多层RC框架结构破坏形式,结合数值模型并应用MIDAS Gen有限元计算方法,研究了RC框架结构的倒塌机理、地震响应分析。结果表明：框架柱的破坏与屈服是RC框架倒塌的主要因素,模拟增设填充墙,当地震烈度达到10度时,层间位移角大约1/46,降低柱的轴压比,提高柱的破坏延性,增大结构的极限抗侧能力,起到抗震第一道防线的作用,避免整体屈服破坏。     

岩体可爆性未确知测度分级模型研究与应用

基于未确知测度计算理论和熵权方法,建立岩体可爆性未确知测度分级模型.首先选取岩石抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力、弹性模量、岩石质量指标(RQD)作为岩体可爆性分级指标,构建合理的未确知测度函数,然后根据测度函数,采用信息熵理论计算各岩体可爆性分级指标的未确知测度,得到可爆性综合测度;最后采用置信度判别准则对可爆性综合测度进行识别评测,完成岩体可爆性未确知测度分级评测.将该模型应用于福建上杭紫金山金铜矿岩体可爆性的分析,从而选择合理的露天台阶深孔爆破炸药单耗,为低成本规模化开采矿石资源提供理论依据.研究表明:岩体可爆性未确知测度分级模型是一种科学合理的岩体可爆性分级方法,确保了评测对象信息的完整性和评测结果的客观性、准确性、可靠性,为工程爆破岩体可爆性分级提供了一种新思维,具有工程实践指导意义.