An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Adults of both sexes of Cheimas opalinus (Staudinger), a Satyrinae butterfly occurring in the cloud forests of the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida, have simple wing colour patterns, dark brown dorsa marked by one conspicuous element, large greenish-blue patches in the discal area of the hind wing. It was observed that in young, freshly emerged females these patches are frequently absent. They fade away and eventually disappear during mating and nuptial flights when brushed out by lateral movements of the male’s hind wing put between folded female hind wings. The falling off of the scales is made easy because they do not adhere to the wing as firmly as brown background scales due to their particular folded extremities. We speculate that this process is related to the fitness of the females. Prior to mating, blue-green patches are advantageous because they attract the attention of the opposite sex and enhance the chances of successful mating. After mating they lose their sexual role. Females without the blue-green patches become cryptic. Thus, they are less apparent not only for the males, which helps them avoid sexual harassment, but also for potential bird predators. Additionally, the loss of blue reflecting scales may speed up the warming up of the abdomen and egg maturation. In the males, positive role of the patches (signalling), and negative (bird attraction), is balanced during their entire life span, and they fade gradually due to regular usage of wings scaling in flight. Our hypothesis is supported by morphological, optical, experimental and statistical analysis in which we used 509 individuals of both sexes. A similar ratio of young (with undamaged wing) females with or without blue patch was recorded, whereas in the males no individuals without any trace of blue patch were reported, and a correlation of age (wing damage) and gradual fading off of the patch was demonstrated. Such an adaptation involving an active change of the appearance of adults, i.e. colour patterns related to sexual selection, has not been reported previously in Lepidoptera.     

鸡新城疫免疫研究进展

鸡新城疫的免疫学研究一直是鸡新城疫研究的重点之一，近年来国内外学者已经在这方面做了大量的研究，并取得了显著的进展，综合国内外的有关文献，综述了鸡新城疫的疫苗，细胞免疫和局部粘膜免疫以及免疫抑制性疾病的最新研究进展。     

禽流感流行与防制现状

禽流感是禽的烈性传染病，对养禽业造成严重危害，同时威胁着人类的健康．本文对国内外禽流感近年来的流行情况、禽流感病毒的特征及危害、临床症状和病理变化、禽流感的诊断技术和防治进行了综述．     

褐马鸡主要传染病及寄生虫病研究

作者应用临床诊断、病理解剖、流行病学、细菌学检查及内外寄生虫检查等方法,检出庞泉沟自然保护区棚养褐马鸡不仅有传染病——鸡新城疫和雏鸡白痢病,而且有寄生虫——鸡异刺线虫和鸡剌皮螨。     

微量血凝抑制试验监测技术在鸡新城疫防治中的应用

本文介绍了用微量血凝抑制试验方法监测鸡血清中鸡新城疫（ND）抗体效价在防治该病中三个方面的应用，为临床合理免疫、科学预防提供了依据。     

益生素对雏鸡免疫器官指数的影响

为了观察益生素对雏鸡免疫器官指数的影响,1日龄雏鸡连续灌服益生素3天,分别在灌服益生素后1、4、7、10、18d测定胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊器官指数的动态变化。雏鸡于27日龄时,点眼接种ND疫苗,分别于ND疫苗免疫后第0、7、14、21d测定免疫器官指数的动态变化。结果发现：服用益生素的雏鸡胸腺指数于（10-18）d、脾脏指数于（4-7）d、法氏囊指数于7d明显高于对照雏鸡,益生素协同ND疫苗组雏鸡免疫器官指数在疫苗免疫后第14d高于ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡（P〈0.05）。表明益生素能够调节免疫器官的生长发育。     

感染NDV后鸡腺胃中P物质和VIP的分布及动态观察

70只35日龄SPF鸡随机分成对照组和攻毒组.攻毒组经腹腔接种鸡新城疫病毒后,分别取腺胃,并用免疫组织化学方法检测组织中NDV、P物质和VIP的分布及动态变化.结果表明：P物质和VIP在两组鸡的腺胃中都有存在,且三种物质的表达量呈现正相关性,其含量在感染后有增加,证明了P物质和VIP在感染NDV后有调节动物防御系统的作用.     

New species of Leucocytozoon from the avian families Otidae,Podargidae and Threskiornithidae

Leucocytozoon otidis n. sp., Leucocytozoon podargii n. sp. and Leucocytozoon ibisi n. sp. are described from bustards, tawny frogmouth and ibis, respectively. Relevant differentiating morphological characteristics are presented and endogenous stages are also described for L. podargii.     

浅谈禽病ELISA操作技术

在疾病监控方面,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)技术是应用最为广泛的血清学检测技术,禽病ELISA抗体检测试剂已经大量应用到SPF鸡微生物学监测中。ELISA不仅操作技术上有一定的要求,而且影响因素也较多,如不注意有可能导致试验结果不准确。因此,将禽病检测过程中,ELISA操作各环节需注意的问题归纳总结,与各位同仁一起交流学习。     

近十年中国新城疫病毒F蛋白氨基酸变异分析

为了研究近十年来中国发现的新城疫毒株的致病性,我们选取2000—2011年间在中国发现的主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ5种基因型的NDV,对其F蛋白氨基酸变异情况进行了分析．结果表明：中国的新城疫病毒的不同基因型的F蛋白氨基酸均出现了不同的变异,不同基因型相同的位点也发生了变异,这些变异造成新城疫病毒的爆发流行．因此,本文为研究NDVF蛋白与其致病性的关系提供了理论依据．