中华蜜蜂工蜂复眼的胚后发育研究

通过形态解剖、免疫组织化学、原位细胞凋亡检测等技术,对中华蜜蜂工蜂复眼的胚后发育过程进行了比较研究.结果表明:中华蜜蜂的复眼产生自幼虫头壳表皮的眼分化中心.在3龄幼虫出现的形态发生沟沿背-腹轴方向扫过整个复眼发生区,其后部细胞聚集成群,最终形成光感受器.细胞的增殖从幼虫早期开始,到末龄幼虫达到高峰;活跃分裂的细胞主要集中在两条形态发生沟外侧的增殖细胞带内;那里的细胞凋亡也非常活跃.中华蜜蜂视觉细胞发出的视神经进入前脑大约是在蛹发育的第5天.     

含毒死蜱有效成分的杀虫剂对意大利蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的经口毒性

采用摄入法在室内测定了7种含有毒死蜱有效成分的杀虫剂对成年意大利蜂的急性经口毒性.结果表明:所测定的7种杀虫剂对成年意大利的急性经口毒性均为高毒;毒力由高到低的顺序是:10％阿维·毒死蜱乳油＞12％高氯·毒死蜱乳油＞50％毒死蜱微乳剂＞30％甲维·毒死蜱乳油＞30％毒死蜱·三唑磷乳油＞20％毒死蜱·氟铃脲乳油＞22％吡虫·毒死蜱乳油.另外,22％吡虫·毒死蜱乳油对供试蜜蜂24h和48h的致死作用存在明显的差异,其24h LC50值约是48h LC50值的12.6倍.     

Enzyme polymorphism in the Sicilian honeybee

Summary In Sicily we can identify two genetically differentiated groups of local honeybee populations, on the basis of the only two polymorphic loci,Mdh-1 andEst; the western one, whose genetic characteristics are probably those of the native honeybee (Apis mellifera sicula) and the eastern one affected by recent large-scale importation of Italian bees from northern Italy.This research was supported by a grant of the Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione.     

A mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)

Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), isolated from worker honeybee larvae, was digested by each of seven 6-base restriction enzymes. Only one enzyme (BglII) showed a mtDNA difference between the three tested races (Apis mellifera carcia, A. m. ligustica, A.m. caucasica). BothA.m. carnica andA.m. ligustica showed the same pattern, differing fromA.m. caucasica. The degree of fragment pattern similarity revealed that there is only a small level of mtDNA variation between the three races tested. This is in line with previous investigations of enzyme polymorphisms.     

An improved test for Africanized honeybee mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA derived fromApis mellifera scutellata, the ancestor of the Africanized bees of the New World, lacks aBglII restriction site found in other types of honeybee^1,2. We present primers allowing amplification of a 485-bp section of the cytochrome b gene containing this site, using the polymerase chain reaction. Digestion of the amplifiel product withBglII yields contrasting patterns between Africanized and other honeybees.     

Intracolonial worker relationship and sperm competition in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)

Summary Queens, homozygous for three marker genes, were inseminated with eight different types of semen, each carrying one combination of the markers. Intracolonial worker relationship (_c) was estimated by genotype frequencies in the offspring of the experimental queens. _c was larger than under random distribution of semen types in the spermatheca. Estimates of most quantitative genetical parameters will be more accurate using the presented estimator for intracolonial relationship. The insemination order affected genotype frequencies in the offspring, suggesting a weak last male advantage. There was, however, no evidence of intra spermathecal sperm competition.     

Clinal variation and selection of MDH allozymes in honey bee populations

Latitudinal clines of malate dehydrogenase-1 (MDH-1) allozymes occur within honey bee populations on three continents: Europe, North America and South America. The North and South American populations are introduced and demonstrate that Mdh allelic clines were established within the last 150 years. The frequency of the medium electrophoretic allele increases in frequency with increasing latitude while the fast allele decreases with latitude on all the three continents. The clines are best explained by the average daily high temperature for July on all continents. These parallel clines provide evidence for selection on Mdh alleles in honey bees.     

中华蜜蜂工蜂下唇腺的电镜观察

本文通过扫描电镜和透射电镜对中华蜜蜂(Apis Cerana Fab.)成年工峰下唇腺细胞的超微结构进行了观察,根据细胞的形态特征的变化证明下唇腺正处于有分泌活性的阶段,此外还观察到输送分泌物的途径。     

Heat production by balling in the Japanese honeybee,Apis cerana japonica as a defensive behavior against the hornet,Vespa simillima xanthoptera (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Summary As an effective counterattack strategy against predacious hornets, especiallyVespa simillima xanthoptera, workers ofApis cerana japonica showed a distinct balling reaction, usually involving 180–300 bees. This produced heat for as long as 20 min, giving rise to temperatures inside the ball higher than 46°C, which is lethal to the hornet but not to the bees.     

Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Summary This study demonstrates polymorphisms in both the length and in the restriction enzyme cleavage sites of honeybee mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The levels of variation are typical of those found in other metazoan species. These polymorphisms are potentially useful for the identification of Africanized bees in the western hemisphere and for study of honeybee phylogenetics.