Microorganism-associated variation in host infestation efficiency in a parasitoid wasp,Trichogramma bourarachae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

InTrichogramma bourarachae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the infestation efficiency presents important variation among strains: 60 eggs/5 days/female in the High (H) strain and 25 eggs/5 days/female in the Low (L) strain. Crosses show that between-strains variation is inherited by the matrocline route. Antibiotic and heat treatments reduce infestation efficiency in the H strain and have no effect on the L strain. The hypothesis of cytoplasmic-symbiotic microorganisms accounting for the higher infestation efficiency in the H strain is supported by microscopic observations. The origin and the significance of this between-strains variation are discussed.     

Pathogenic enterococci: new developments in the 21st century

Enterococci, traditionally viewed as Gram-positive commensal bacteria inhabiting the alimentary canals of humans and animals, are now acknowledged to be organisms capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The existence of enterococci in such a dual role is facilitated, at least in part, by its intrinsic and acquired resistance to virtually all antibiotics currently in use. Beginning with the initial identification of a streptococci of fecal origin in the late 19th century, enterococci have been studied for over a century now. A number of comprehensive reviews during this time have addressed various aspects of enterococci, including classification, biology, virulence, antibiotic resistance and so on. This review specifically addresses the important advances in the field of enterococcal research that have occurred since the beginning of the 21st century. Most notable among these developments have been the insights into enterococcal genomes and pathogenicity.Received 10 April 2003; received after revision 31 May 2003; accepted 3 June 2003     

链霉菌的氨基糖苷类抗生素3′—磷酸化酶APH(3′)抑制剂性质初探

分别采用丙酮沉淀、硫酸铵分步沉淀和柱层析技术从链霉菌85—39发酵液中分离、纯化出APH(3′)抑制剂85—39,并对其部分理化性质进行了测定。结果表明:抑制剂85—39为相对分子质量大于3000的水溶性多肽物质,对APH(3′)表现出强的抑制作用。该抑制剂经丙酮沉淀后的水抽提液对热、碱较稳定,对酸较不稳定,但经离子交换柱初步层析纯化后,其稳定性较差。     

抗生素对微生物的影响

不同抗生素对不同病原菌的作用不同，了解某一抗生素范围的试验，叫抗菌谱试验，实验利用滤纸条法测定青霉素的抗菌谱，即可判断青霉素对不同类型微生物的影响，初步判断其抗菌谱．不同抗生素的抗菌谱是不同的，如青霉素只对革兰氏阳性菌有抗菌作用，故青霉素属窄谱抗生素．     

细菌性痢疾的菌型分布及药敏调查

目的 :了解细菌性痢疾的菌型分布及细菌对抗生素的敏感率 ,为经验性使用抗生素提供依据。方法 :对2000年1月—2003年8月我院细菌性痢疾患者做大便培养 ,对阳性菌株做药敏分析。结果 :本地菌痢以福氏占优势 ,占88.9 % ,宋内氏占11.1 %。药敏结果显示细菌对抗生素的敏感率依次是菌必治91.7 % ,头孢塞肟90.2 % ,先锋必89.9%,左氧氟沙星89.5% ,……氟派酸42 % ,氨苄青霉素35%。结论 :第三代头孢菌素对痢疾杆菌普遍敏感 ,而对既往常用的氨苄青霉素、氟派酸耐药性较高。     

对氨基苯甲酸生物合成基因pabAB的缺失对抗生素FR-008生物合成的影响

抗生素FR-008是由链霉菌FR-008产生的一种七烯大环内酯类抗真菌抗生素,它以对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)为起始单位,在I型聚酮合酶(PKS)的催化下合成聚酮内酯环.前期生物合成基因簇序列测定发现了可能的对氨基苯甲酸生物合成基因(pabAB),编码4-氨基-4-脱氧-分支酸(ADC)合成酶.通过同框缺失实验获得pabAB发生缺失的基因置换突变株BLQ-1并通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增进行了验证.高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析和生物测定证实突变菌株BLQ-1丧失了合成抗生素FR-008的能力.这种产量的丧失可以通过回补克隆的pabAB基因或喂养外源PABA得到回复.实验证明,pabAB负责对氨基苯甲酸的合成,是抗生素FR-008生物合成的必需基因.     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定及抑菌试验

对成都双流县某奶牛场的部分奶牛乳样进行体细胞记数、主要病原菌分离、培养和生化鉴定以及抑菌试验,结果表明,无乳链球菌,葡萄球菌仍是引起隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌;分离菌株对多种抗菌药产生了耐药性,因而中药防治仍是新思路.     

烟酸羟基化菌株睾酮丛毛单胞菌JA1抗性质粒的消除

睾酮丛毛单胞菌JA1可羟基化烟酸产生6-羟基烟酸,并且对多种抗生素具有抗性.碱变性法提取JA1细胞内的质粒, 检测到一个约19 kb大小的质粒.用0.002 5% SDS进行质粒消除实验,结果表明,质粒消除后菌株对卡那霉素敏感,但仍对氨苄青霉素、安普霉素和链霉素具有抗性,推测质粒携带卡那霉素的抗性基因.同时,质粒消除后,JA1菌株烟酸脱氢酶酶活性没有变化,推测烟酸脱氢酶的基因并不在质粒上.     

海洋真菌Aspergillus sp. MF134的抗菌特性

采用固体发酵和液体摇瓶震荡培养两种培养方法获得丝状真菌Aspergillus sp.MF134培养物,并从中提取活性物质.应用纸片扩散法和比浊法测定提取物的抑菌作用,探讨MF134菌的抗菌活性及影响因素.实验结果表明,该菌固体培养物的提取物对枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和白色假丝酵母(Cancia albicans)有明显的抑制作用.其抗菌活性产物主要在孢子形成时产生的,而且与海水的存在有关,海水培养物所产生的抗菌活性高于淡水培养物.     

抗生素的固态发酵研究进展

固态发酵与液态深层发酵相比有自己的优点和缺陷。近十几年由于能源紧张和环境问题日益突出,固态发酵重新受到人们的重视。在回顾近年来国内外抗生素的固态发酵研究情况的基础上,重点对环孢菌素A、依枯草菌素、头孢菌素C、土霉素、四环素、头霉素C、青霉素等的研究现状进行了综述。