中国住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放的因素分解实证

根据住宅建筑碳排放的特点,通过完善和扩展Kaya公式,引入对数平均分解指数法,提出住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放因素分解的实证模型.根据1995—2008年中国建筑能源消耗的统计数据,分析居民消费水平、能源结构、能源消费强度、户均建筑面积、人口密度等因素对住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放变化的影响,提出住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放的正向驱动和负向驱动因素及其规律,为控制建筑节能提供建议.     

Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture volatile organic compounds emission labeling systems: A review

The volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture is recognized as one of the main causes of bad indoor air quality,which has resulted in serious economic losses.In European countries and the U.S.,labeling systems for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture were established to address this issue with good effect.This paper is a review of these existing labeling systems.The basic principle of the labeling systems is introduced.The technical,policy and operational parts of the labeling systems are then discussed.The research concentrates on target pollutants,their threshold values and the testing methods employed.Some problems were uncovered in these labeling systems:too many VOCs were targeted;the method to determine the threshold values was not very rigorous;the testing time was too long (7-28 d).Some China’s special features in developing such system are stated.Therefore,as the world’s largest national producer and consumer of wood based panels and furniture,China should learn from foreign experience of establishing labeling systems as much as it can.However China should not simply copy the foreign approaches but develop its own scientific labeling system for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture.     

测量氧化镁的二次电子发射系数

介绍单脉冲电子枪法测量氧化镁的二次电子发射系数的测量系统和测量原理,用该测量系统测量出了原电子能量EP高达几十keV时的氧化镁的二次电子发射系数,对测量结果进行了讨论并得出结论:所测量的氧化镁的最大二次电子发射系数在以前的科技工作者所测的氧化镁的最大二次电子发射系数的范围内,表明用磁控溅射法制备的氧化镁的二次电子发射系数较低.     

Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities

Tectonic activities are accompanied with material movement and energy transfer, which definitely change the state of thermal radiation on the ground. Thus it is possible to infer present-day tectonic activities based on variations of the thermal radiation state on the ground. The received satellite infrared information is, however, likely influenced by many kinds of factors. Therefore, the first problem that needs to be solved is to extract information on tectonic activities and eliminate effects of external (non-tectonic) factors. In this study, we firstly make a review of the current studies on this subject, and then present the technical approach and our research goal. Using the data of 20 years from the infrared band of the satellite of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the method we have developed, we investigate fault activities in western China. The results show that the areas with high residual values of land surface brightness temperature (LSBT), which is presumably related to faultings in space, accord usually with the locations of followed major earthquakes. The times of their value growing are also roughly consistent with the beginning of active periods of earthquakes. The low frequency component fields of the LSBT, acquired from wavelet analysis, exhibit well the spatial distributions of active faults. The “heat penetrability index” (HPI) related with enhancement of subsurface thermal information has been expressed well for the backgrounds of accelerated tectonic motions, and some correlations exist between HPI and the local faulting and seismicity. This study provides a new approach to study temporal-spatial evolution of recent activities of faults and their interactions.     

激光诱导热裂切割玻璃的声发射信号监测技术

现阶段各个领域对玻璃切割质量的要求越来越高,作为一种新兴的切割技术,激光诱导热裂相对于传统切割有很大优势,但在切割过程中裂纹扩展轨迹会偏离预定的路径。若要改善这种偏离现象,切割时需要通过对裂纹扩展状态的实时监测来确定补偿策略,而声发射作为一种无损检测方法在此方面有着巨大的优势。本文在激光诱导热裂切割玻璃过程中,会产生声发射现象。针对激光诱导热裂切割玻璃过程中产生的声发射信号针对此声发射信号进行了模态分析和小波包分析,确定了最优的小波基及分解尺度选择的依据。在实验中,通过对传感器进行优化布局并采用时差定位方法对裂纹尖端位置进行了定位分析。在此基础上,进行了激光诱导热裂切割玻璃声发射信号监测实验研究,探求了AE信号特征与裂纹扩展状态两者之间的联系。     

单轴压缩声发射试验的页岩损伤演化规律

为获得受载页岩准确的损伤演化规律和声发射特征,完善以往受载岩石损伤单调增大的理论,进一步扩展对受载岩石内部损伤演化机理的认识,对陆相页岩进行单轴压缩声发射试验。试验结果表明:页岩单轴压缩过程分为4个阶段:压密阶段-弹性变形阶段-弹塑性变形阶段-峰后破坏阶段,压密阶段、弹性变形阶段和弹塑性变形前期有少量声发射信号,页岩峰值应力前后有大量声发射信号,特别是峰后破坏阶段,声发射信号急剧上升,声发射探头能够捕捉岩石的压密、裂纹的扩展和连通信息,声发射信号能够反映页岩内部微细观损伤演化过程;页岩平行层理面方向和垂直层理面方向的岩石损伤演化和声发射特征差别较大,因此对于层理性岩石不能忽略层理对岩石力学性质的影响;页岩压密阶段内部的微孔洞、微裂隙、宏观裂缝、层理被压实,损伤减小,页岩弹性模量不降反增,应力-应变曲线呈下凹型,首次提出受载岩石损伤先减小后增大,建立了更加合理的基于声发射特征的页岩单轴压缩损伤本构模型。     

基于碳排放约束的山东省沿海城镇带能源发展多目标优化决策

 针对能源发展中的高能耗问题和碳排放问题,以山东省沿海城镇带为研究区域,将二氧化碳排放因子纳入能源消费结构优化之中,采用多目标规划的方法构建了以碳排放成本最小、能源消费产生的污染物治理费用最小为目标函数,以经济发展规划、能源消费总量、能源消费结构及碳排放量为约束函数的山东省沿海城镇带能源消费结构多目标优化模型。研究区2035年的能源发展多目标优化结果为：煤炭消费量占能源消费总数下降为36%;油类能源消费量占能源消费总数的17%;天然气消费量占能源消费总数的25%;清洁能源占能源消费总数的比例提高到22%,各项指标均满足山东省能源消费的多个目标和约束。同时,针对山东省沿海城镇带低碳情景下的未来发展,提出了加快能源供给侧和能源消费侧的结构性改革、实施清洁能源和电能替代等建议,以加快转变高耗能生产方式,促进经济结构优化升级,实现节能减排、低碳环保的可持续发展。     

全国污染物排放总量减排与水环境质量改善的响应关系及其分区研究

以2011—2015年全国污染物排放总量和水环境质量数据为基础, 通过数据包络分析模型, 分析全国污染物排放总量减排与水环境质量改善的响应关系, 发现这种响应关系在时空上呈现差异化特点。进一步对二者的响应关系进行分区, 提出不同分区模式下的污染物总量控制与水污染防治对策建议, 使污染物总量控制更好地服务于水环境质量改善, 为流域水环境质量目标要求下的精准治污提供科学依据。     

光谱法研究盐溶液浓度对辉光放电活化液体的影响

大气压辉光放电具有低气压辉光放电的均匀性和较高的化学活性,且摆脱了真空装置的限制.液面上的大气压辉光放电除了具有以上优点外,还具有活性粒子浓度高等优势,因此在材料改性、生物医疗等领域具有非常广泛的应用前景.本文采用针-液体电极直流放电装置,在液体电极上方产生了大气压辉光放电,并用于活化不同浓度的NaCl溶液.发射光谱表明,不同浓度液体电极放电均包含N₂的第二正带系、N⁺₂的第一负带系、OH自由基和O I.基于发射光谱,测量了液面附近的氧原子谱线强度、谱线强度比I_391.4/I_337.1和振动温度.利用吸收光谱测量了O₃浓度.发现它们均随着放电电流的增大而增大,且在一定电流下,随盐溶液浓度减小而增大.经过相同活化时间,溶液的H₂O₂浓度随着放电电流的增大而增大.在一定放电电流下,H₂O₂浓度随盐溶液浓度增大而减小.     

碳限额约束下考虑政府补贴和消费者低碳偏好的混合渠道供应链决策与协调

在碳限额政策下,针对消费者具有低碳偏好以及制造商网络直销渠道与零售商传统销售渠道销售价格存在差异,通过分别建立政府实施不同碳减排补贴模式的混合渠道供应链碳减排技术投入模型,研究混合渠道供应链的销售及碳减排决策问题.研究结果表明：无论采取何种补贴模式,两部定价契约都可以实现混合渠道供应链系统协调;当满足一定条件时,与无碳约束相比,碳限额起作用情形下碳减排率和混合渠道总市场需求量更高;无论采取何种补贴策略,碳减排率是碳限额额度的减函数,利润是其增函数,市场需求与其成U型关系;碳减排率和直销渠道市场需求量是渠道竞争强度的减函数,而传统渠道需求量和利润与其成U型关系;碳减排率、市场需求量以及利润都是政府补贴和消费者低碳偏好的增函数.