Dexamethasone enhances CTLA-4 expression during T cell activation

T cell activation is enhanced by the costimulatory interaction of B7 on antigen-presenting cells and CD28 on T cells, resulting in long-term T cell proliferation, differentiation and production of large amounts of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2. CTLA-4 is a co-stimulation receptor that shares 31% homology with CD28 and binds B7 family members with higher affinity. CTLA-4 is transiently expressed intracellularly and on the cell surface following activation of T cells. We have studied the kinetics of CTLA-4 expression and the effects of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression during T cell activation in cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated by a mixture of immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3/CD28 mAb) or concanavalin A (ConA). CTLA-4 expression peaked on day 2 and returned to background levels after 7 days. Dexamethasone was found to potentiate CTLA-4 expression in a dose-dependent manner with an EC₅₀ effective concentration 50%) of about 10⁻⁸ M. In contrast, other immunosuppressive agents, such as rapamycin or cyclosporin A had no or an inhibitory effect on CTLA-4 expression, respectively. Dexamethasone also stimulated CD28 expression, but inhibited IL-2R expression during anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced mouse splenic T cell activation. Western blot analyses of lysates of activated mouse T cells showed that dexamethasone increased CTLA-4 protein levels twofold during anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced activation. Dexamethasone also enhanced CTLA-4 messenger RNA twofold as quantified by ribonuclease protection assay. The effects of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression were glucocorticoid-specific and completely inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486), indicating that the effect of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression is mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, the immunosuppressive agent dexamethasone actually stimulates CTLA-4 expression, which is involved in downregulation of T cell activation. Received 19 May 1999; received after revision 13 July 1999; accepted 13 July 1999     

微波常压下快速合成L－噻唑烷－4－甲酸甲酯

在微波常压反应条件下，用Ｌ－半胱氨酸合成了Ｌ－噻唑烷－４－甲酸甲酯，讨论了微波功率和反应时间对产率的影响．实验表明，微波技术可用于光学活性化合物的合成，并显示出微波合成的简便、安全、快速、产率高的特点．     

Hemokinins and endokinins

The mammalian tachykinins are a family of peptides that, until recently, has included substance P (SP), neurokinin A and neurokinin B. Since, the discovery of a third preprotachykinin gene (TAC4), the number of tachykinins has more than doubled to reveal several species-divergent peptides. This group includes hemokinin-1 (HK-1) in mouse and rat, endokinin-1 (EK-1) in rabbit, and EKA, EKB, human HK-1 (hHK-1) and hHK(4–11) in humans. Each exhibits a remarkable selectivity and potency for the tachykinin NK₁ receptor similar to SP. Their peripheral expression has led to the proposal that they are the endogenous peripheral SP-like endocrine/paracrine agonists where SP is not expressed. Moreover, their strong cross-reactivity with a specific SP antibody leads us to question many of the proposed locations and roles of SP in the periphery. Additionally, three orphan tachykinin gene-related peptides are identified on TAC4, in rabbit, EK-2 and in humans, EKC and EKD.Received 25 January 2004; received after revision 18 February 2004; accepted 27 February 2004     

PbWO4晶体中铅空位周围晶格弛豫的研究

使用相对论性密度泛函计算程序，按照能量最低原理采用共轭梯度方法，对缺铅的钨酸铅晶体进行结构优化处理．计算了铅空位周围晶格的弛豫，得到铅空位周围的晶格结构．结果表明，铅空位周围次近邻的正离子(Pb^2 和W^6 )向铅空位迁移，而铅空位周围最近邻的负离子(O^2-)向远离铅空位的方向迁移．晶格的驰豫结果使铅空位处的电负性降低．     

Green hydrogen ammonia synthesis in China under double carbon target: research on development basis and route

采用简单的沉淀-煅烧工艺合成了B-Co₃O₄ Nano-particles(NPs),研究了B-Co₃O₄ NPs电催化硝酸盐还原合成氨(NitrRR)的性能。研究发现：在含0.1 mol/L NaNO₃的NaOH(1 mol/L)溶液中进行电催化反应, B-Co₃O₄ NPs具有较高的电催化活性。当电压在-0.8 V(vs. RHE)时,获得20 mg/(h ·cm²)的NH₃产率和94%的法拉效应(FE)。当电压在-0.6 V(vs. RHE)时,获得17.2 mg/(h ·cm²)的NH₃产率和95%的FE。电极材料B-Co₃O₄ NPs优异的电化学性能得益于B-Co₃O₄ NPs中的B—O键在电催化过程中能有效抑制析氢反应。较低的结晶度和特殊的多孔结构有效促进了B-Co₃O₄ NPs对NO₃^-的吸附性和还原活性, 也促进了电子的传输与转移过程。

     

2,5-二甲氧基-4-吗啉基苯基重氮氯化锡复盐的合成

本文采用较为简便的合成手段,较好地合成了一种高速感光重氮型化合物--2,5-二甲氧基-4-码啉基苯基重氮氯化锡复盐,并经 IR 谱、′HNMR 谱,以及元素分析等检测,证实该产物的存在.产品紫外特征吸收峰艾λ_(max)=398. 2nm,热分解温度为158℃.     

关于电子束管内偏转系统的开发与研究

简析了当前显示器件的发展趋势,提出开发电子束管内偏转系统（简称内偏）,就其结构、尺寸及能耗等几个方面进行可行性论证。结合目前国内外提出的内偏模型的结构,试验数据,定性分析了内偏的研究现状及存在问题,寻求解决高压绝缘材料、真空磁性材料、畸变、偏转线性、偏转散焦等方面所存在问题的突破点,提出了改进内偏转系统的一些具体方案,并就内偏的开发利用进行了一些探讨。     

Y型沸石分子筛羟基谱带的红外光谱研究

本文制备了一系列不同硅铝比的Y型沸石样品,以红外光谱法系统地研究了样品的羟基谱带及其变化情况。结果表明,Y型沸石羟基谱带随沸石体系组成的变化及晶格空位和骨架外铝的出现而发生一系列的变化,样品表面羟基振动频率受骨架内电负性和骨架外电荷变化的影响会产生规律性的位移,进一步还讨论了其作用的机理,另外讨论和归属了Y型沸石常出现的几种羟基红外吸收谱带。     

离子取代对La_2CuO_4的结构和磁学性质的影响(英文)

La2 CuO4的结构中因存在键角为 180°的…Cu—O—Cu—O—Cu…链而表现出反铁磁性 .Zn2 + 或Mg2 + 取代Cu2 + 后就破坏了这种长程有序 ,使Cu2 + 的有效磁矩升高 ,并且在 77～ 30 0K温区内观察不到N啨ｅｌ态 .La2 Cu1 xNixO4没有电子自旋共振(ESR)响应 ,也观察不到其N啨ｅｌ态 .La2 Cu1 xMxO4(M =Zn2 + ,Mg2 + )有ESR响应 ,这种响应很可能是由拉长的CuO6 八面体产生的 .采用常规的物理方法如X 射线粉末衍射 (XRD)和电子自旋共振等对样品进行了表征     

制备(R)-2,2-二甲基四氢噻唑4-羧酸-L-酒石酸盐的新方法

发展了一种制备(R)-2,2-二甲基四氢噻唑4-羧酸-L-酒石酸盐(D-DMT·L-TA)的新方法,可以以73.0%的收率以及99%的光学纯度得到产品.