夏季青藏高原与东亚及热带的降水廓线差异分析

利用热带测雨卫星上测雨雷达的探测结果,考察了青藏高原与东亚及热带地区降水廓线的异同.结果表明高原深厚弱对流降水为高原上最主要的降水类型,占降水总样本近90%,而对总降水量的贡献超过70%,其雨顶高度接近海拔13 km,最大降水率出现在近地面.高原与陆面(非高原地区)及洋面的降水廓线差异主要表现在:①高原上缺少陆面和洋面上的层云降水;②高原深厚对流降水云团在垂直方向上只有2层,难以从平均廓线中辨认深厚降水云团中的冰水混合层和冰晶过冷水层;③高原深厚强对流降水在垂直方向的厚度受到了"压缩",平均最大厚度约10 km,显著小于陆面及洋面地区的平均厚度;④高原深厚弱对流降水平均廓线斜率大于其他地区对流降水平均廓线斜率,表明8 km以上的降水率垂直变率大,由此将释放出更多的潜热,造成显著高于周边地区的对中高层大气的加热.     

Study on crustal, lithospheric and asthenospheric thickness beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas

Based on the results of pure dispersions of Rayleigh wave tomography in the Qinghai-Tlbet Plateau and its adjacent areas, tsklng S wave velocities from previous linear inversion as the initial model, using the simulated annealing algorithm, a nonlinear simultaneous inversion has been carried out for S wave velocity and thickness of different layers, including the crust, the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. The results indicate： The crustal thickness shows strong correlation with geology structures sketched by the sutures and major faults. The crust is very thick in the Qinghal-Tibet Plateau, varying from 60 km to 80 kin. The Ilthospherlc thickness in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Is thinner （130-160 kin） than Its adjacent areas. And two blocks can be recognized, divided by an NNE strike boundary running between 90°E-92°E inside the plateau. Its asthenosphere is relatively thick, varies from 150 km to 230 kin, and the thickest area is located in the western Qiangtsng. India has a thinner crust （32-38 kin）, a thicker lithosphere of 190 km and a rather thin asthenosphere of only 60 kin. Sichuan and Tarlm basins have the crust thickness less than 50 kin. Their Iithospheres are thicker than the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and their asthenospheres are thinner. A discussion has been made on the character and formation mechanism of the typical crust-mantle transition zone in the western Qiangtsng block.     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

加热率对比及大气加热性质的研究

首先对比分析了气候平均的ERA与NCEP再分析的全球加热率资料，以及两套资料在青藏高原地区的差异。发现在全球范围内，主要差异在于ERA的总加热率比NCEP的总加热率普遍要大，NCEP资料优于ERA资料。再利用NCEP资料分析高原的加热性质及加热的季节变化规律，发现对于青藏高原主体（80-100°E、27．5-37．5°N）而言，平均的辐射冷却全年少变；高原在夏季表现为强大的热源主要由潜热加热引起，感热加热次之，冬季的冷源则以辐射冷却为主，过渡季节的急剧变化主要因感热的变化引起。     

浅谈青藏高原高含冰量冻土路基施工

文章介绍了青藏铁路格拉段第八标段高含冰量冻土路基工程的施工特点，针对高含冰量冻土所采取的保护措施，即片石通风路基的施工技术作了主要介绍，同时，以实际施工为例，对路基的施工工艺、质量和环境保护所采取的措施也作了一定的说明。     

在青藏高原引进外来畜种发展畜牧业的一个建议

青藏高原自然条件恶劣 ,不宜农耕 ,大部分地区以畜牧业为主 但发展传统畜牧业无论从畜牧条件 ,还是交通条件来讲 ,都远不如内蒙、新疆 因此 ,要因地制宜 ,扬长短避 ,实施“人无我有”的发展方针 通过自然条件与青藏高原相似的南美洲安第斯山中段地区的调查 ,可以看出 ,青藏高原引进其特有的驼科动物羊驼、小羊驼和骆马具有可行性 :其不仅适宜在青藏高原生长 ,还有很高的经济价值和广阔的市场 .从长远看 ,还会产生积极的政治意义     

论高原地区湿陷性黄土基础处理

青海省位于青藏高原东北部,其东北地区相接黄土高原,而省会西宁市处在青藏高原与黄土高原的连接处,西宁市多处于湿陷性黄土地段,给正常的施工带来了诸多不便。黄土机构松散,压缩性大,湿陷性强,多具有强烈自重湿陷性。     

纳木错流域扎当冰川径流对气温和降水形态变化的响应

报道西藏纳木错湖南岸念青唐古拉山脉北坡扎当冰川2007/2008年的径流年际大变化并分析其成因. 与2007年夏半年相比, 2008年同期降水量增加了17.9%, 流域径流量却减少了33.3%, 由此得出冰川消融量减少了53.8%. 利用通常的度日模型分析发现, 大气正积温的变化只能解释约一半的冰川消融量年际差, 说明该冰川对气温变化异常敏感. 能量平衡分析显示, 冰川表面反照率的改变造成了冰川消融量的年际重大差异. 而反照率的改变主要是由降水形态的差异造成的. 统计得出, 2007年夏半年冰川末端以降雨为主, 降雨量占降水总量的71.5%; 相反, 2008年以降雪为主, 降雨量仅占30.7%. 说明在对某些冰川进行气候变化的敏感性分析或径流预测时, 降水形态是需要单独考虑的一个因素.     

青藏高原少数民族传统体育课程资源分析研究

文章通过实地走访、问卷调查等研究方法对青藏高原学校开发高原少数民族传统体育课程资源现状及优势进行了分析研究.结果表明,长期以来,青藏高原学校体育教学内容受竞技运动体系的影响,有着独特优势的高原少数民族传统体育课程资源并未在学校得到充分挖掘、开发和利用,这不仅导致大量高原少数民族传统体育课程资源的闲置,而且在很大程度上还制约着学校体育教学发展的进程以及高原少数民族传统体育文化的传承与发展.文章同时针对性地对青藏高原少数民族传统体育引入学校体育提出了若干对策建议.