氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定烟叶中的铅

建立了一种测定烟叶中微量铅的方法--氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法.研究了光电管负高压、灯电流、屏蔽气和载气流量、载流的选择、酸度等对实验的影响.在选定的工作参数下,检出限为0.08 μg/L.用标准物质桃叶(GBW08501)对该法进行了验证,验证结果与推荐值一致,相对标准偏差为0.34%.该方法简便、快速、灵敏,对于实际样品的测定得到了满意的结果.     

鱼耳石的碳、氧稳定同位素成分研究

鱼耳石是沉淀在真骨鱼类内耳中的结石,矿物成分为碳酸盐类的文石.鱼耳石每日生长一条环带,且其形成过程中在文石矿物和鱼生活周围的水体之间达到(或接近于达到)氧同位素平衡,因而18O/16O的同位素分馏与温度密切相关.鱼耳石中的碳同位素分馏与鱼生活周围的水体不平衡,但可以记录鱼类的性成熟和食物源方面的变化.因此,鱼耳石的氧、碳稳定同位素成分(δ18O和δ13C)真实地记录了鱼类的生态环境和变化,可视为一种天然的环境变化的标记.伴随着微取样技术和同位素质谱仪分析灵敏度的提高,鱼耳石的同位素成分研究近年来在渔业和海洋环境重建方面得到了广泛的应用.     

Analysis of carbon isotopes in airborne carbonate and implications for aeolian sources

Methods were developed to determine the mass ratios of carbon isotopes in trace amounts of aerosol carbonate. A Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with an on-line Kiel device was to determine the ^13C/^12C ratio in CO2 produced from the carbonate. A study using these methods was conducted to characterize the carbonate carbon isotopes in aerosol samples collected in Xi‘an on dusty and normal days during March and April 2002. Results of the study demonstrate that insights into the origin of the dust can be deduced from its isotopic composition. That is, the δ^13C ofcarbonate for dust storm samples ranged from -1.4‰ to -4.2‰, and this is consistent with sandy materials in dust source regions upwind. In contrast, for non-dusty days δ^13C ranged from -7.5% to -9.3‰, which is more similar to fine particles emitted from local surface soils. Comparisons of dust storm aerosols with surface soils from source regions and with aerosol samples collected downwind indicate that the δ^13C values did not change appreciably during longrange transport. Therefore, carbon isotopes have the potential for distinguishing among source materials, and this approach provides a powerful new tool for identifying dust provenance.     

Deep-water Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum （EOGM） in South Atlantic

The most prominent cooling event of the Earth surface during Cenozoic in the long-term transition from a non-glaciated planet, or “green-house world”, to a polar, glaciated planet, or “ice-house world”, is the Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum (EOGM) above the Eocene/Oligocene boundary at about 33.7 Ma. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotopes, carbonate content, and coarse fraction, along with high-resolution color reflectance and magnetic susceptibility records during 35-30 Ma, from deep-water Sites 1262 and 1265, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 208 in South Atlantic, reveal the global cooling event occurring in both surface and deep oceans. The results show that the earliest Oligocene δ^18O values during 33.5-33.1 Ma represent the magnitude of continental ice sheets on east Antarctica and indicate the large decrease in both surface and deep water temperatures of worldwideoceans. The δ^13C records show the large excursion during the period of EOGM event and indicate some types of shift in global carbon reservoir, probably demonstrating the sudden increase in organic carbon burial rates and the changes in the distribution and timing of production. At the same time, lithologic composition, carbonate content, color reflectance, and coarse fraction brought about significant changes close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, reflecting the abrupt deepening in the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Changes in carbonate content were revealed from the color reflectance identify periodicities associated with eccentricity of the Earth‘s orbit (100 and 400 ka), further indicating orbitally forced global climate variations in the Early Oligocene.     

黄土高原西缘末次盛冰期以来古气候演化的有机碳同位素记录

综合CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素资料，并结合研究区的区域特征，对兰州红咀寺剖面有机碳同位素气候指示意义进行了研究．结果表明，在黄土高原西缘，有机碳同位素δ^13Corg波动反映C3／C4植物比例改变，指示温度变化．δ^13Corg值偏正时，表明C4植物含量较大，反映温度较高．有机碳同位素和CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素共同揭示了兰州地区末次盛冰期气候较全新世明显偏低，在11．5kaBP，13．9kaBP存在两次明显的降温；进人全新世以后，兰州气候开始逐渐变暖，但仍存在8．8kaBP、5．0kaBP和3．2kaBP的三次突然升温以及8．0kaBP、6．8kaBP和5．3kaBP的降温事件，说明了兰州地区气候变化的复杂性和不稳定性．     

等温平台石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯铟中痕量杂质铅和砷

利用石墨炉原子吸收法，在等温平台条件下利用标准加入法直接测定了高纯铟中的痕量杂质铅和砷．并对石墨炉加热程序中的干燥时问、灰化温度及原子化温度进行了优化，同时也考察了介质酸度的影响．本方法中铅和砷的特征质量分别为37．8pg和40．7pg，相对标准偏差平均值分别为2．8％和2．0％，加标回收率分别为85．6％～95．4％和97．3％～105．0％，是测定高纯铟中杂质铅和砷的一种简单、快速、准确的方法．     

Leaching Mechanism of Complicated Antimony-Lead Concentrate and Sulfur Formation in Slurry Electrolysis

Anodic reaction mechanism of complicated antimony-lead concentrate in slurry electrolysis was investigated by the anodic polarization curves determined under various conditions. The main reactions on the anode are the oxidations of FeCln^(2-n) . Though the oxidation of jamesonite particle on the anode can occur during the whole process, it is less. With the help of mineralogy studies and relevant tests, the leaching reaction mechanism of jameson[to and gudmundite during slurry electrolysis was ascertained. Because of the oxidation reaction of FeCl3 produced by antimony-lead concentrate itself, the non-oxidation complex acid dissolution of jameson[re, the oxidation complex acid dissolution of gudmundite, and the oxidation of air carried by stirring, the leaching ratio of antimony reaches about 35% when HCl-NH4Cl solution is used to leach antimony-lead concentrate directly. So when the theoretical electric quantity is given to oxidation of antimony in slurry electrolysis, all of antimony, lead and iron containing in antimony-lead concentrate, are leached. The formation of sulfur is through the directly redox reaction of Fe^3 and jameson[re. The S^2- in jamesonite is oxidized into S^0 , and forms the crystals of sulfur again on the spot. The redox reaction of Fe^3 and H2S formed by non-oxidative acid dissolution of jamesonite is less.     

南秦岭新元古代基性侵入岩的岩石成因及其构造背景:锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf-O同位素地球化学制约

秦岭造山带是一条由多期次不同构造运动叠加改造形成的复合造山带,其中,南秦岭是其重要的组成部分。文中冷水沟辉长岩及碾盘沟辉长闪长岩具有一致的U-Pb谐和年龄(~621 Ma),该年龄代表岩浆冷却结晶年龄。冷水沟辉长岩具有亏损地幔模式年龄(1.1~1.35 Ga),表明其原岩形成于中元古代。其较为亏损的Hf-O同位素特征(ε_(Hf)(t)=-3.3~+5.3;δ~(18)Ο=3.48~5.09),表明其来源于亏损地幔的部分熔融。碾盘沟辉长闪长岩具有更为亏损的Hf-O同位素特征(ε_(Hf)(t)=5.8~11.1;δ~(18)Ο=-3.72~-2.58),其负的δ~(18)Ο值是岩浆与低δ~(18)Ο流体发生高温水岩作用的结果。研究结果表明这些基性岩石形成于弧后伸展环境。对比新元古代早期(>735 Ma)南秦岭及扬子北缘广泛发育的岛弧岩浆作用,南秦岭与扬子北缘在新元古代晚期发生了由岛弧环境向弧后伸展环境的转变。其中本文辉长质岩石为南秦岭新元古代最晚一期岩浆活动的产物,代表了南秦岭与扬子北缘新元古代俯冲-碰撞作用的结束,标志着南秦岭基底的最终形成。     

应用铅同位素比值和元素含量分析法识别有机鸡样品真实性

探究了鸡中铅同位素与相关元素在有机养殖和常规养殖中的差异性,以探讨有机鸡样品溯源的可能性。相同品种的鸡分别采用有机养殖和常规养殖2种不同的饲养方式,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱分别对有机鸡和普通鸡样品中的铅同位素比值和相关元素含量进行测定。方差分析结果表明,铅同位素比值²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb和P、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Na、K元素含量具有显著性差异(p＜0.05);主成分分析初步表明,Zn、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Na、K为有机鸡和普通鸡样品中的特征无机元素;聚类分析可将鸡样品分为有机养殖和常规养殖两大类,通过判别分析所得模型的初始分组正确率为100.0%,交叉验证正确率为90.0%。利用铅同位素比值(²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb)、相关元素(P、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca、Cu、Na、K)含量分析能够对有机鸡进行有效溯源识别,研究结果可为有机鸡的鉴别研究提供新的方法。     

地球年龄

正科学家花了300年时间才得以确定地球的年龄。这项复杂任务的参与者和它涉及到的许多实验一样多姿多彩。今天,我们已经知道,地球的历史长达45.4亿年(加减1%)。早在58年前,也就是1956年,科学家就首次确定了这个数字,从那时起到现在,这个数字的误差越来越小。为什么科学家花了这么长时间才得以确定地球的年龄?为什么他们能确信这个数字是准确的?要想回答诸如此类的问题,我们得把时钟回拨到300年前。