花粉壁发育研究进展

在被子植物中,花粉壁是雄性配子体表面包裹的一层致密物质,在抵御各种环境压力或微生物的侵袭,以及授粉时细胞的识别等方面具有重要作用。花粉壁由花粉内壁和花粉外壁所组成,其中外壁又分为外壁外层和外壁内层。花粉外壁的物质直接来源于绒毡层细胞,外壁的沉积模式是由初生外壁决定,而花粉内壁由小孢子自身控制。近年来在模式植物拟南芥中,人们克隆了许多与花粉外壁形成相关的基因,这些基因的突变往往会导致植株雄性不育的表型。这些基因涉及到绒毡层发育的调控,孢粉素的生物合成与运输,以及胼胝质壁和初生外壁的形成。笔者对这些基因的功能与花粉壁发育的关系进行介绍。     

花粉壁发育相关基因的研究进展

花粉壁是植物花粉发育、受精及抵抗外界环境伤害所不可缺少的结构．花粉壁结构复杂,其形成过程包括初生外壁的形成、孢粉素前体的生物合成和孢粉素在花粉表面的沉积,以及花粉壁内层的形成等过程．对花粉壁形成与发育具体机制的解析,迫切需要对花粉壁初生外壁、花粉外壁、花粉壁内壁形成过程中一系列功能基因及其信号转导研究的突破．综述了近年来对花粉壁发育相关基因的克隆及其功能研究的最新进展,并对花粉壁发育的分子机制进行了有益的探讨．     

加拿大披碱草×老芒麦杂种F_1加倍一代株系Ⅱ花粉母细胞减数分裂行为的观察

[目的]探讨植物远缘杂交不育的原因,以期为后期作物远缘杂交育种提供理论依据。[方法]利用常规的压片方法对加拿大披碱草×老芒麦杂种F1加倍一代株系Ⅱ花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中的染色体行为进行研究。[结果]结果发现加拿大披碱草×老芒麦杂种F1加倍一代株系Ⅱ花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中出现了一些异常分裂现象,即发现在加拿大披碱草×老芒麦杂种F1加倍一代株系Ⅱ花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中一些染色体行为不规则的现象,出现如:单价体、四价体、多价体、染色体桥及染色体断片、落后染色体、微核等一系列异常现象。[结论]加拿大披碱草×老芒麦杂种F1加倍一代株系Ⅱ花粉母细胞减数分裂过程高频率异常现象的发生直接导致其大部分花粉发育异常,表现出远缘杂种的不育。     

球根花卉花粉萌发过程中糖类物质及相关酶活性的变化

为明确兰州百合和唐菖蒲花粉在离体培养中对外源糖的选择存在显著差异的原因,在定性分析这两种球根花卉成熟花粉糖类物质的基础上,对花粉萌发过程中糖类物质含量和相关酶活性进行了测定.结果发现:两种球根花卉花粉中都含有蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖等可溶性糖,但仅兰州百合花粉中含有淀粉,且可溶性糖含量较高.以PEG4000+硼酸为培养基进行花粉培养,两种花粉均有较高的萌发率;唐菖蒲花粉在仅添加PEG的培养基中不能萌发,兰州百合花粉则可以萌发.在花粉萌发过程中淀粉酶活性无显著变化,但兰州百合花粉淀粉酶活性显著高于唐菖蒲花粉,蔗糖酶及乳糖酶变化显著,在花粉培养初期迅速下降.淀粉(兰州百合)、蔗糖及葡萄糖含量的变化也很显著,尤其是葡萄糖.因此,两种花粉在PEG培养基中萌发力的差异,以及对外源糖的选择性都或许与花粉中糖类物质的种类、含量及酶的活性不同有关.     

安徽岳西县四望山初秋部分开花植物的花粉形态

为了获得更多的现代花粉形态特征数据与图谱,采集了安徽岳西县四望山初秋部分开花植物的花粉,一是用Erdtman醋酸酐分解法处理,再用甘油胶和石蜡制成永久装片,在光学显微镜下观察、测量花粉的形态特征数据和拍照;二是将花粉粘在粘有金属箔纸的铜台上,在扫描电镜下观察、拍照.获得了四望山初秋开花的16科23属20种1亚种2变种植物花粉的大小、形状、萌发孔结构和外壁结构等形态特征数据以及光镜和电镜下的花粉图谱.     

Characterization of an endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Lilium longiflorum that functioned in pollen germination and pollen tube growth

Endo-β-glucanases play vital roles in the regulation of pollen tube growth. Here, a previously identified endo-l,4-β-glucanase from Lilium Iongiflorum （lily）, named LlpCell, was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and further investigated for its physiological function. The recombinant LlpCell protein hydrolyzed carboxy-methylcellulose （CMC） and exhibited activity towards laminarin from Eisenia. arborea and 1,3：l,4-β-glucan of barley. The pH for the optimum activity was 6.0 and the value of Km calculated from CMC was 5.0 mg/mL. Adding EDTA resulted in the total loss of the enzymatic activity, and this effect could be restored by the addition of Ca^2＋. Western blotting analysis showed that LlpCell protein was present in pollen grains and rehydrated pollen grains, and the amount of the protein was increased during pollen germinating, but not in the pollen tube. Consistently, the immunofluorescence labeling study with the antibody against LIpCell also indicated the presence of LIpCell at the begin-ning of germination, but not in the elongating pollen tube. Furthermore, incubation of LlpCell with pollen at the beginning of pollen germination increased the germination percentage and the length of pollen tube. All of these results suggested that LlpCell could play an important role in the regulation of lily pollen germination and the initiation of pollen tube growth.     

Pollen record and environmental evolution of Caotanhu wetland in Xinjiang since 4550 cal. a BP

This paper presents a multi-proxy reconstruction of the climate change in Caotanhu wetland using pollen, phytolith and charcoal records, and the data of loss of ignition （LOI）, grain size analysis, and susceptibility. Results reveal that between 4550 and 2500 cal. a BP, a dry climatic condition was not favorable for the accumulation of peat. Since 2500 cal. a BP, the climate became humid and the wetland developed with abundant freshwater aquatic plants, which contributed to peat accumulation. Never-theless, alternate periods of rain and dry climate occurred during that period. Between 2500 and 1810 cal. a BP （550 BC-140 AD）, the climate was more humid than at present. A lot of emerged plants, such as Phragmites, Typha and Sparganium, and freshwater green algae grew in the wetland which was sur-rounded by desert-steppe vegetation composed mainly of Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Compositae and Thalictrum. However, from 1810 to 1160 cal. a BP （140--790 AD）, the water level started to decrease and hydrophyte species reduced greatly, but some Phragmites still grew in the wetland and around it was desert vegetation with high proportion of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia. Then from 1160 to 650 a BP （790--1300 AD）, it entered a period of desert-steppe with abundant mesic and xerophytic plants. And a lot of aquatic plants prevailed in the wetland. Here, what is noticeable is that percentages of arboreal pollen, consisting mainly of Betula and Picea, increased greatly and reached a maximal value of 27.2%, in which, Betula percentages rose to 23.2%. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that Betula grew in the highland of the wetland, or Picea timberline shifted downward resulting in the increase of percentages of Betula and Picea pollen, which were transported into the wetland by flood or wind. But since 650 cal. a BP, desert vegetation prevailed around the wetland again with dominant Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia, and the climate was similar to modern one. Despite some aquatic plants still growing in the wetland at     

麻疯树花的形态结构与传粉关系研究

对麻疯树花进行了大量野外和扫描电镜观察．研究表明麻疯树进行虫媒传粉; 柱头可分泌粘液,表面具有许多小孔穴,容易粘住昆虫携带的花粉粒;花粉粒形态为近圆形,表面具有许多轮齿状突起,有助于被昆虫携带及粘附在柱头上;腺体原基在花瓣原基出现后开始发育,之后发育较慢,而在雌、雄花开放时发育成熟并散发出芳香气味吸引昆虫,从而完成授粉.以上研究结果表明麻疯树花、花粉结构及腺体发育与授粉高度协调．     

枸杞属(Lycium Linn.)13份供试材料花粉形态研究

对枸杞属(Lycium Linn.)7种3变种及3个种间杂交后代植株的花粉形态进行了扫描电子显微镜观察.研究结果表明,13份枸杞属供试材料花粉为长球形或近球形,极面观均为三裂片圆形;具三孔萌发沟,直达两极,沟的深浅、孔膜是否明显外突各种间存在差异;外壁条状纹饰作纵向排列,不同的条状纹饰、条纹表面的不规则细横纹以及表面的穿孔是不同种间花粉的区别点;花粉的大小在各种间也有不同程度的差异;并根据花粉形态建立了7种3变种的分类检索表.     

实生核桃树与嫁接核桃树的花粉生活力对比测定

核桃是雌雄异花、雌雄异熟的树种,要获得较高的产量和优质的果实,除加强土、肥、水管理及合理修剪外,合理的配置授粉树也极为重要。本次试验主要是研究实生核桃树和嫁接核桃树花粉生活力大小的差异,分别选用了实生核桃树和嫁接核桃树的花粉为试材,用染色观察法（碘—碘化钾染色法、氯化三苯基四氮唑法）对其进行了生活力对比测定。试验结果显示：实生核桃树的花粉生活力比嫁接核桃树高,比嫁接核桃树更适合做核桃的授粉树。