广州夏季大气中碳气溶胶浓度水平及污染特征

2002年6-7月于广州市3个采样点采集PM10和PM25样品,测定了PM10,PM25以及元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的浓度.PM10和PM2.5平均浓度分别为124.77μg@m-3及78.13μg@m-3.PM10和PM2.5中的OC浓度分别为22.3μg@m-3和15.80μg@m-3,EC浓度分别为7.78和5.90μg@m-3,其中73.8%的OC和77.7%的EC存在于PM25中.在3个采样点PM10和PM25中,OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明广州夏季大气存在二次污染.各种气象条件对OC、EC浓度及其比值的变化都有不同程度的影响,其中降水和风速是OC、EC浓度变化的主要气象因素.     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气负载型过渡金属催化剂性能的研究

考察了负载在不同载体上的过渡金属催化剂用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的催化性能.结果发现,负载型贵金属催化剂一般表现出比过渡金属催化剂更好的POM反应性能,活性金属组分在载体上的分散度可以影响其催化性能,但金属的电子组态对催化剂性能的影响更为明显,适中的未成对d电子对POM反应是有益的.在各种载体材料中,SiO2等低酸性且无明显氧化还原性能的材料是制备POM反应催化剂的良好载体,在所研究的各种催化剂中,SiO2负载的Rh催化剂具有最佳的POM反应性能.反应条件可以明显地影响POM反应的性能,升高温度有利于提高甲烷转化率和CO选择性,原料气中过高的VCH4/Vo2不利于POM反应的进行.     

SEM analysis of the changes of carbon layer structure of mesocarbon microbeads heat-treated at different temperatures

Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) with narrow size distribution, excellent sphericity and no obvious conglutination have been prepared with a coal tar pitch containing quinoline insolubles (QI) as the raw material. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to examine the structure of the MCMB. It has been found that SEM technique shows the structural information of MCMB clearly in the form of micrographs even when the structure of MCMB is complex, while the optical technique is useful for analysis of the regular structure of the mesophase spheres but cannot be effectively used to analyze either the complex structure of the green MCMB or the structures of the further heat-treated ones at different temperatures. According to the characteristics of the carbon layers, the structures of the as-prepared MCMB in the present experiment could be classified as (I) Parallel Layer type structure and (2) Bent Layer type structure with the carbon layers gathering at one or two points in the MCMB. In the experiments, SEM is also utilized to investigate the structures of MCMB that are heat-treated at different temperatures. It has been found that the MCMB without any further heat-treatment show no layered-carbons, while the ones heat-treated at temperaturehigher than 1000℃ exhibit obvious layered carbons across their sections. When increasing the heat-treatment temperature, the carbon layers become thinner and flatter.     

Analysis of carbon isotopes in airborne carbonate and implications for aeolian sources

Methods were developed to determine the mass ratios of carbon isotopes in trace amounts of aerosol carbonate. A Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with an on-line Kiel device was to determine the ^13C/^12C ratio in CO2 produced from the carbonate. A study using these methods was conducted to characterize the carbonate carbon isotopes in aerosol samples collected in Xi‘an on dusty and normal days during March and April 2002. Results of the study demonstrate that insights into the origin of the dust can be deduced from its isotopic composition. That is, the δ^13C ofcarbonate for dust storm samples ranged from -1.4‰ to -4.2‰, and this is consistent with sandy materials in dust source regions upwind. In contrast, for non-dusty days δ^13C ranged from -7.5% to -9.3‰, which is more similar to fine particles emitted from local surface soils. Comparisons of dust storm aerosols with surface soils from source regions and with aerosol samples collected downwind indicate that the δ^13C values did not change appreciably during longrange transport. Therefore, carbon isotopes have the potential for distinguishing among source materials, and this approach provides a powerful new tool for identifying dust provenance.     

文化产业不能丢了米姆（Meme）

前段时间,阅读了一些“后现代学说”的经典著作。英国人理查德·道金斯和道格拉斯·霍夫斯塔德合著的《信息的载体——基因和米姆》写得非常好。在这篇文章中,他们在讲述了生命遗传的故事后,点出了生命遗传的复制者——DNA,阐述了基因(DNA)千方百计复制实体以图生存,才使得生命得以进化的道理。正因为这两位科学家不仅是生物科学家,同时也是认知科学和计算机科学的专家,而且他们还教授科学史、哲学、比较文学和心理学,所以,他们在这篇文章中,大胆地提出了这样一种理论——“就在地球上,一种新的复制者近年已经出现了,它正注视着我们,它还…     

黄土高原西缘末次盛冰期以来古气候演化的有机碳同位素记录

综合CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素资料，并结合研究区的区域特征，对兰州红咀寺剖面有机碳同位素气候指示意义进行了研究．结果表明，在黄土高原西缘，有机碳同位素δ^13Corg波动反映C3／C4植物比例改变，指示温度变化．δ^13Corg值偏正时，表明C4植物含量较大，反映温度较高．有机碳同位素和CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素共同揭示了兰州地区末次盛冰期气候较全新世明显偏低，在11．5kaBP，13．9kaBP存在两次明显的降温；进人全新世以后，兰州气候开始逐渐变暖，但仍存在8．8kaBP、5．0kaBP和3．2kaBP的三次突然升温以及8．0kaBP、6．8kaBP和5．3kaBP的降温事件，说明了兰州地区气候变化的复杂性和不稳定性．     

室温下N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活化酯法合成吡咯-2,5-二乙酰胺

在室温下用一锅反应法以二环己基碳二亚胺（DCC）（2 equiv．）为偶合试剂，使用过量（4equiv．）的胺，用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（Hosu）（2 equiv．）活化酯法合成了吡咯-2，5-二酰胺，且产率（70％）比在低温时（63％）有所提高．探讨了选用不同的合成方法及偶合试剂以及反应条件和试剂的用量对合成目标产物的影响．     

Ce改性CuO/γ-Al2O3的稳定性及催化活性研究

以CeO2作为改性添加剂、γ-Al2O3为载体、CuO为活性成分，用分层浸渍的方法制备出负载型CuO—Ceo2／γ-Al2O3湿式氧化催化剂；采用TG—DTA、XRD对其进行表征，研究了Ce的掺杂对载体及活性成分高温稳定性的影响并得出结论：在湿武氧化反应过程中，Ce的掺杂有效抑制了γ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3转变的高温相交，以及活性成分CuO与载体间相互作用形成CuAl2O4昀过程。通过对苯酚的湿式氧化降解实验，获知CeO2的加入可明显提高催化剂活性，其中6％CuO-6％CeO2／1—100％Al2O3的质量组分比对苯酚的催化活性最佳，反应30min，苯酚溶液COD的去除率为91．31%。     

人载脂蛋白基因apoAI在毕赤氏酵母中的表达

将化学法合成的apoAI基因插入分泌型载体pPIC9K．将重组的pPIC9K—apoAI用BglⅡ酶切后，转化Pichia pastoris GS115菌株，筛选获得G418高抗性转化子．转化子经摇瓶发酵和甲醇诱导，上清液用SDS-PAGE检测，有明显的rApoAI表达．经Phenyl—sepharose 6(Fast Flow)疏水层析柱和Sephadex G-50(coarse)分子筛层析，得到rApoAI蛋白纯品．经Western blotting，N末端氮基酸顺序测定证明，毕赤氏酵母表达的rApoAI与人血浆提取的ApoAI基本一致．     

不同载体和前驱体对钴基催化剂浆相费托合成性能的影响

以SiO2和γ Al2O3为载体,以硝酸钴、醋酸钴和氯化钴为前驱体,利用浸渍法制备出钴基细粒子催化剂。用X射线衍射、程序升温还原、比表面测试等技术考察了钴基催化剂的结构和还原性能,分析了不同载体和前驱体对浆相费托反应性能的影响。结果表明,SiO2载体上钴物种的分散度和还原度均高于γ Al2O3载体,因而Co/γ Al2O3催化剂的活性最差,CO转化率远低于Co/SiO2催化剂。不同钴前驱体所制备的Co/SiO2催化剂钴物种的分散度和还原度有很大的差别,其相应的Co/SiO2催化剂的浆相费托活性顺序由大到小依次为:Co(NO3)2,Co(NO3)2+Co(CH3CO2)2,Co(CH3CO2)2,CoCl2。