不同热解终温和保留时间下污泥生物质炭 孔隙结构特征

通过低温(77 K)氮气吸附/脱附等温实验,结合分形维数的概念,分析生活污水污泥在不同热解终温和保留时间下经热解获得的生物质炭孔隙结构变化特征。实验结果表明,随着热解终温的提高,污泥生物质炭BET的比表面积呈先升高后降低的趋势,在600oC时达到最大,为92.3 m~2/g。在低温(不超过500oC)下,污泥生物质炭中的孔以介孔为主,无微孔出现;在高温(超过500oC)下,则以微孔和介孔为主。随热解终温的升高,孔的形状由狭缝型向开放性和平行板式转变,保留时间的延长不改变孔的形状,但改变孔的容积。污泥生物质炭表面分形维数随热解终温升高呈增大趋势;而保留时间的延长,在中高温(600~700oC)下使污泥生物质炭表面分形维数降低,高温(超过700oC)下又使其提高。     

纳米活性碳纤维SBR法处理生活污水的试验研究

在SBR反应器中安装纳米活性碳纤维处理生活污水,进行正常负荷与有机冲击负荷的对比试验,并对生物相进行追踪观察.结果表明：正常负荷运行时,生物膜上的微生物种类多、活性大;出水COD去除率均在90%以上;NH3—N和TP去除率分别在95%以上和72%～85.5%之间,均能达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）中一级A标准要求.系统抗有机冲击负荷的能力强,在提高进水COD浓度3～4倍的情况下,去除率仍保持在86%以上;有机冲击负荷对脱氮效果影响较小,对总磷的去除率下降幅度较大.     

Effects of various pretreatments on biohydrogen production from sewage sludge

The sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plant is a kind of biomass which contains many organics, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Four pretreatments, acid pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and ultrasonic pretreatment, were used to enhance biohydrogen production from sewage sludge. The experimental results showed that the four pretreatments could all increase the soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） of sludge and decrease the dry solid （DS） and volatile solid （VS） because the pretreatments could disrupt the floc structure and even the microbial cells of sludge. The results of batch anaerobic fermentation experiments demonstrated that all of the four pretreat- ments could select hydrogen-producing microorganisms from the microflora of sludge and enhance the hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield of the alkaline pretreated sludge at initial pH of 11.5 was the maximal （11.68 mL H2/g VS） and that of the thermal pretreated sludge was the next （8.62 mL H2/g VS）. The result showed that the hydrogen yield of pretreated sludge was correlative with its SCOD. The hydrogen yields of acid pretreated sludge and alkaline pretreated sludge were also influenced by their initial pH. No methane could be detected in the anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge and thermal pretreated sludge, which suggested that these pretreatments could fully inhibit the activity of methanogens. The volatile fatty acids （VFA） production in anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge was the maximum and the next is that of thermal pretreated sludge.     

Can PC format CV reveal the true value of environmental resources in developing countries？ A laboratory experiment in China

This is a report on payment card format contingent valuation prediction validity in China based on the individual level comparison in a world heritage site evaluation. An evaluation index system of indicators is set up according to the consistency of the individual willingness to pay as well as the mean （or median）, the positive （or negative） proportion in the hypothetical context and those in the actual donation context. We took the conservation of a combined world heritage site Wuyi Mountain in China as the case study. By one-to-one individual level comparison, we demonstrate that people usually overstate their paying intention and overestimate their paying abilities, and the hypothetical individual WTP, mean, median, positive proportion and negative proportion are all significantly different from those in the actual context in this case. However, although the relationship between WTP and socioeconomic characteristics in the hypothetical context was not consistent with that in the actual situation, the survey still demonstrated the maximum support proportion and the least opponent proportion to the project when it was carried out. So we can conclude that in this case PC format CV is a poor indicator, partly owning to its free binding. We also find that when a person decides whether to pay （intention）, he or she is more affected by his/her knowledge structure and social duty; when he/she really decides on how much he/she will pay, income becomes the most important factor.     

水力空化与臭氧联合降解油田污水初步试验研究

针对油田开采后期,污水成分复杂且各种常规水处理方法都有其局限性的问题,提出了水力空化技术与臭氧氧化技术联合工艺处理污水的设想.利用臭氧氧化与空化效应,采用多孔孔板建立了水力空化污水处理系统,对油田现场污水进行了尝试性的试验研究.分别对水力空化和臭氧各自单独降解与两者联合降解水样COD的效果作了对比分析.结果表明,孔板入口压力在0.19MPa附近以及系统的进气量在70 L/h时COD的去除率相对较高;水力空化与臭氧联合降解的效果明显优于两者单独降解的效果;同时说明水力空化与臭氧在降解COD过程中存在互相强化的关系,孔板型空化水处理系统对降低油污水的COD含量具有一定的作用,但效率并不高,但对分析水力空化技术作为油田污水辅助处理技术的可行性,有一定参考价值.     

利用PASG工艺治理小流域农村居民集中区生活污水

作为成都市饮用水水源的徐堰河、柏条河和府河等3条河流均存在不同程度的污染,其中府河流经的郫县安靖镇地处四川省成都平原腹心地带,北邻新都区大丰镇,南接郫县犀浦镇。为了削减排入府河的污水量,加大小流域治污力度,我们以郫县安靖镇雍渡村为示范点,采用地埋式园艺化工艺（PASG）进行生活污水末端治理,处理规模1000吨／日,执行标准为GB18918一级A标。处理设施地埋,地表绿化后打造成社区花园,作为附近居民休闲娱乐的活动场所,提升了乡村生活品质。     

粉煤灰再生混凝土的试验研究

采用废弃混凝土再生骨料、普通硅酸盐水泥和粉煤灰等原材料,通过正交试验找出影响再生混凝土强度和坍落度的主要因素及粉煤灰再生混凝土的最优配比.试验结果表明,再生骨料替代率是影响再生混凝土强度和坍落度的显著因素,在普通成型工艺和养护条件下可以配制出抗压强度59MPa,塌落度215mm的高性能粉煤灰再生混凝土.     

固定化藻类对污水中磷的净化能力研究

采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定藻类,对人工污水进行静态模拟净化试验,研究了蛋白核小球藻、突变衣藻、鱼腥藻和双对栅藻在固定和悬浮状态下对污水中磷的净化效率以及藻类的生长特性。结果表明：固定化藻细胞比悬浮态藻细胞具有生长更趋于稳定、藻类的活性保持时间更长的优势。4种藻类中,小球藻和鱼腥藻在污水中的生长状况更好,较适宜采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化技术。在固定状态下,蛋白核小球藻、突变衣藻、鱼腥藻和双对栅藻对磷的去除率在第3天达到最大值,分别为39.8%、28.3%、33.0%和30.7%。因此,小球藻更适用于去除污水中的磷,是较为优良的除磷藻种。     

孝感市住宅小区居民生活污水处理及中水回用项目研究

水是万物的生命之源泉,但是随着人类的活动,对自然水体造成了极大的危害。目前,世界上可供饮用的水源越来越少,许多国家都已陷入缺水的境地。我国本就是一个水资源匮乏的国家,人均水资源占有量仅为世界平均水平的1/4。自改革开放以来,水资源破坏更是极其严重。目前,水源不足、水体污染和生态环境恶化已成为社会发展的主要制约因素。特别是经济的飞速发展与城市化进程的加快,缺水问题更为突出。对污染较轻的居民生活污水处理及中水回用正是解决缺水问题的有效途径之一。     

分析非线性效应对BOC调制信号的影响

由于卫星上高功率放大器的非线性效应,使带宽受限的二进偏移载波（BOC）调制信号失真加剧,这将影响导航信号的功率谱和码跟踪误差．针对这个问题,本文首先建立分析导航信号非线性失真的一般模型,提出利用带外功率损耗,相关损耗和鉴别器曲线过零点的偏移量来评4bBOC调削信号受到的影响,并以正弦相位的BOC（1,1）和BOC（10,5）信号为例,分析带宽限制和非线性效应带来的联合影响。