推进生态文明建设美丽北京

<正>党的十八大报告强调指出:"建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的长远大计",必须"把生态文明建设放在突出地位,融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程,努力建设美丽中国,实现中华民族永续发展"。最近,习近平主席再次强调指出:我们既要金山银山,也要绿水青山,绿水青山就是金山银山。我们绝     

土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值影响——以安徽省明光市为例

基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,以Landsat-TM图像为基本数据,运用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表以及生态系统服务价值的计算公式,研究安徽省明光市1995~2009年土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.结果表明:研究期间,耕地(主要指水田)与未利用地面积减少,其他土地利用类型面积均增加.生态系统服务价值由1995年的85.99亿元减少到2009年的83.28亿元,水田面积的减少是总服务价值减少的主要原因,旱地面积的增加补偿了总价值的部分损失,但损失略大于收益.各项生态功能的服务价值对总生态系统服务价值贡献大小的等级基本稳定,其中,废物处理、水源涵养和气候调节能力的贡献率最大.敏感性分析表明,研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态价值系数是缺乏弹性的,各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数均小于1,研究结果是可信的.     

津市市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

土地利用/覆盖变化与生态系统服务价值是相互影响、相互制约的,对二者进行定量研究,可为生态社会经济的可持续健康发展提供参考依据.根据津市市1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据,采用Costanza等的生态系统服务价值计算方法以及谢高地等提出的符合中国实际的陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表计算津市市生态系统服务价值并对其进行分析,结果表明生态系统服务价值总量增加了18.41×106元,年均变化率为0.19%,在生态系统单项服务功能中,除了食物生产功能外,其他单项服务价值都在增加.同时,生态系统服务价值空间差异明显,总体而言东南部地区服务价值较高,中西部稍低,而北部地区尤其是涔澹农场服务价值的增长幅度大.     

The impact of biofuel plantation on biodiversity: a review

Because plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organisms, biomass production as an energy source can help to reduce the world＇s reliance on fossil energy and mitigate global warming. Biofuel production is a fast-growing industry that represents a new type of large-scale human disturbance on ecosystems. Thus, the benefits of biofuel production bring environmental risks that include its potential impact on biodiversity, which is still an open question. In this review, we start first with a brief overview of the evolution of biofuel concept; second, we review the state of biofuel production across the continents, with a major emphasis on the main species used and their major feedstock. For which, we found significant differences for land use and environmental cultural management of biofuel plantation between tropical and temperate regions. Third, we summarize the impacts of biofuel plantation on biodiversity at multiple scales, based on the case studied with respect to the corresponding issues. At the genetic level, introgression and contamination by aggressive genotypes are a primary risk. At the species level, habitat pollution, degradation, and disturbance caused by intensive management of biofuel plantation significantly raise the risk of habitat fragmentation, native extinction, and bio-invasion. At the ecosystem level, the large-scale homogeneous landscape of biofuel plantation results in simplified community and food web that severely damage ecosystem services, including ecosystem diversity. Finally, we compare the current and potential benefits and risks of biofuel plantations for the practical application of a biofuel industry of China. We emphasize the land use constraint from food security and biodiversity conservation, and the need for scientific research and systematic monitoring as a critical support for the sustainable development of biofuel production in China.     

Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature

Widespread lakes on the Tibetan Plateau （TP） are valuable archives for investigating climate and environment changes, which could provide essential information on the mechanisms of past climate changes on the TP and their interaction with the global climate systems. However, there is a lack of in-depth investigation of modern limnological processes in the Tibetan lakes, which hampers the understanding of paleolimnological records and lake ecosystem succession. In this study, we performed continuous temperature monitoring at two lakes, Bangong Co, a freshwater lake in the western TP, and Dagze Co, a brackish lake in the central TP, in order to characterize the patterns of seasonal temperature variability, stratification, and mixing. Temperature data for an entire hydrological year demonstrate that Bangong Co is a dimictic lake and that Dagze Co is a meromictic lake. The higher salinity in the deep water at Dagze Co prevents the lake from overturning completely, and this finding is supported by simulations using a physical limnological model Lake Analyzer. Continuous lake water temperature monitoring provides fundamental data for classifying Tibetan lakes, as well as the hydrological basis for understanding their pa- leolimnological records and ecosystem succession.     

China＇s sizeable and uncertain carbon sink： a perspective from GOSAT

Despite the agreement that China’s terrestrial ecosystems can provide a carbon sink and offset carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from fossil fuels,the magnitude and spatial distribution of the sink remain uncertain.Accurate quantification of the carbon sequestration capacity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems has profound scientific and policy implications.Here,we report on the magnitude and patterns of China’s terrestrial carbon sink using the global monthly CO2flux data product from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite(GOSAT),the world’s first satellite dedicated to global greenhouse gas observation.We use the first year’s data from GOSAT(June 2009–May2010)that are currently available to assess China’s biospheric carbon fluxes.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink of-0.21 Pg C a-1.The consumption of fossil fuels in China leads to carbon dioxide emissions of 1.90 Pg C a-1into the atmosphere,approximately 11.1%of which is offset by China’s terrestrial ecosystems.China’s terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in offsetting fossil fuel emissions and slowing down the buildup of CO2in the atmosphere.Our analysis based on GOSAT data offers a new perspective on the magnitude and distribution of China’s carbon sink.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a sizeable and uncertain carbon sink,and further research is needed to reduce the uncertainty in its magnitude and distribution.     

基于人类需求的河岸带生态系统服务功能评价——以郑州市花园口黄河为例

以郑州市花园口黄河河岸带为例,分析区域内人类需求和河岸带的特征,构建评价指标体系,通过问卷调查收集数据,运用层次分析法和综合指数法进行数据分析.结果显示:物质产品生产和景观游憩是影响其生态系统服务功能的主要因素;按照综合评价值将河岸带生态系统服务功能划分为5个等级,即优、良、中、差、很差,研究区综合评价指数为0.69,处于中等.根据评价结果和现场调查内容,提出合理开发利用城市河岸带生态系统服务功能的有效措施.     

两极与中低纬地区粪土层生物标志物性质比较

作为一个新的生态环境信息的载体,粪土沉积层很好地恢复了第四纪古生态记录,包括历史时期鸟类数量变化乃至人类文明历史,以及它们和气候环境变化的关系．在本研究中,我们分析了南极阿德雷岛企鹅粪土沉积物、北极斯瓦尔巴群岛的Ny-Alesund的海鸟粪土沉积物、中国南海西沙群岛中的东岛海鸟的聚居地沉积物、安徽省蒙城县尉迟寺人类文明古文化遗址等沉积物的生物标志物性质,并分别与生物标型元素组合对比．尽管同为粪土沉积层,但是由于所处地理位置不同、沉积环境不同、鸟类或人类粪便的不同以及当地植被的不同,四地沉积物的生物标志物显示出了不同的特征．相对生物标型元素组合,生物标志物提供了更为丰富的生态信息,包括历史时期鸟类数量和植被丰度变化．生物标志物和生核标型元素相互印证,完善了我们对粪土江积层的了解,加深了对这四个区域生态和环境演变过程的理解,使我们得以更好地研究古生态演变和古环境变化之间的关系和响应．     

中国杉木林生态系统碳储量研究

 利用中国4次森林资源清查资料以及中国森林生态系统定位观测研究站（CFERN）的实测数据,估算了中国1977-2003年4个时期杉木林生态系统的碳储量,分析了其年龄结构特征、垂直分配结构特征、时空动态格局和贮碳潜力。总碳储量研究结果 1977-1981为 1.09 Gt,1984-1988为1.496 Gt,1994-1998为2.446 Gt,1999-2003为2.866 Gt。江西、湖南、浙江、福建、云南、广西和广东7省的杉木林碳储量约占84%～86%。幼、中龄杉木林碳储量在79%~83.90%之间,随着杉木林的演替成熟,我国杉木林生态系统是一个潜在的碳库。在垂直分布上,乔木层碳储量占9.38%~10.63%,林下植被占0.6%~0.7%,土壤占87.99%~89.02%,枯落物占0.68%~0.78%,不同时期杉木林生态系统碳储量的垂直分配结构基本相似。1999-2003期间中国杉木林生态系统碳素现存量为2.866 Gt,一个龄级期（10 a）后碳储量将达到3.772 Gt,并以90.63 Mt·a^-1的平均积累速率递增,是一个贮存潜力大,增长速率快的碳库。     

辽河流域河流生态系统健康的多要素评价

考察了辽河流域的河流水质、生物学、物理栖息地状况,分析了辽河流域河流的生态系统健康.结果表明,辽河流域千流总体上处于工业活动剧烈地带,污染较为严重,而支流水质相对较好.其中,着生藻类、底栖动物与水质状况、物理栖息地环境质量之间具有相关性.随着水质的恶化,着生藻类多样性减少,底栖动物完整性遭到破坏;河流形态发生了改变,河流水生生物所依附的生存环境受损,表现出与河流水体质量相同的变化规律.