Advances in the understanding of inter-subspecific hybrid sterility and wide-compatibility in rice

Hybrid sterility is a major form of postzygotic reproductive isolation and frequently occurs in hybrids between divergent populations, such as the indica and japonica subspecies of Asian cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.）. It has been a major barrier for utilization of the strong heterosis expressed in hybrids between indica and japonica. A large number of loci for rice inter-subspecific hybrid sterility have been identified by genetic analysis. Cytological studies revealed that male and female gamete abortions and reduced affinity between the uniting gametes all occurred in indica-japonica hybrids, suggesting the complexity of the causes for inter-subspecific hybrid sterility. Two genes conditioning embryo-sac and pollen sterility respectively in indica-japonica hybrids have been cloned recently, providing opportunities for molecular characterization of the indica-japonica hybrid sterility and wide-compatibility. Future studies should aim at cloning more genes for indica-japonica hybrid sterility, characterizing the underlying molecular mechanism, and utilization of the findings for the development of inter-subspecific hybrids to increase rice productivity.     

Vegetation evolution on the central Chinese Loess Plateau since late Quaternary evidenced by elemental carbon isotopic composition

There are many controversial issues in loess studies such as natural vegetation types on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the historical periods and the spatial and temporal evolution of C3/C4 plants. Elemental carbon isotopic composition （δ^13Cec） in the loess section may offer new evidence for these problems. Elemental carbon （EC） is produced by incomplete combustion of vegetation, and its carbon isotopic composition has a very small difference from that of the formal vegetation, then δ^13Cec can be used as a record to recover the changes of vegetation. Elemental carbon was extracted by applying the oxidation method from the Ioess-paleosol sequence in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and its car- bon isotope composition was analyzed by the isotope mass spectrometer. The results showed that the vegetation in this region was a mixed type of C3 and C4 plants, dominated with C3 plants in most of the time. Since late Quaternary, C3/C4 plants may not follow a simple glacial-interglacial cycle mode on the Chinese Loess Plateau, but showing fluctuations. C3 plants increased gradually in L4 period, and more C3 plants occurred during $3 period, and C4 plants increased again during L3-- L2 periods, after that, Cs plants dominated again during S1 --S0 periods. During periods of paleosol development, C3 plants were abundant in S3 and S1, and there were more Ca plants in S2 and SO. During periods of loess sedimen- tation, there were more C3 plants in L4 and L1, and there were more C4 plants in L3 and L2. On the orbital timescale, the vegetation variations revealed by δ^13Cec record are consistent with the results of pollen data and also similar to the results obtained by organic carbon isotopic composition since the last glacial period.     

北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆晚第四纪的冰筏碎屑事件

通过北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆M03孔的沉积物颜色旋回、AMS14C测年、有孔虫丰度、冰筏碎屑(Ice-Rafted Detritus, IRD)与北风脊NWR5孔的对比, 建立了M03孔的地层框架, 其347 cm长的沉积物被划分为MIS 7~MIS 1的沉积序列. 其中, 深度16~20 cm之间可能存在长达10~20 ka的沉积间断. 晚第四纪以来, 楚科奇海盆M03孔可以识别出7个IRD事件, 它们分别出现在MIS 1, MIS 3, MIS 5以及MIS 7. 这些IRD主要被大冰块或者冰山所夹带, 通过加拿大北极群岛的麦克卢尔海峡冰流输出到波弗特海, 并被波弗特环流输送至楚科奇海盆. 楚科奇海盆晚第四纪的IRD事件不仅指示了这些粗碎屑沉积物的来源和冰山的输出事件, 而且还反映了波弗特环流和北美冰盖的演变历史.     

重庆云阳晚三叠世—侏罗纪古流向反转及其构造意义

目的 探讨大巴山逆冲推覆作用与江南-雪峰逆冲推覆作用在川东地区的复合或联合构造作用的时序,进而分析大巴山前陆盆地的强烈沉降时期.方法 以详细的野外剖面测制为基础,通过对重庆云阳南溪上三叠统-侏罗系剖面沉积序列及古流向的详细研究,确定晚三叠世-侏罗纪沉积体系及物源方向的演化规律,进而探讨大巴山逆冲推覆作用与江南-雪峰逆冲推覆作用在川东地区的影响时序的差异性.结果 重庆云阳南溪上三叠统发育辫状河沉积体系,古流向向南,而中下侏罗统主要发育湖泊及三角洲沉积体系,古流向向北或西北,两时期古流向发生了反转.结论 川东地区大巴山逆冲推覆作用早于江南-雪峰逆冲推覆作用,中侏罗世中晚期为大巴山前陆盆地强烈沉降期.     

内蒙古小孤山锡锌多金属矿的矿床地质特征与找矿意义

内蒙小孤山锡锌多金属矿是产于燕山期花岗斑岩与下二叠统大石寨组含碳质岩石接触带的热液成因矿床。该矿床没有地表露头．完全依靠大比例尺的地球化学土壤测量结合激电中梯、电阻率测量发现异常后进行钻探验证查明的。该矿床的查明为在大面积第四系覆盖区和地台区寻找隐伏矿体提供了有益帮助。     

新疆柯柯亚一带晚石炭世硅质岩成因分析

新疆柯柯亚一带晚石炭世硅质岩分布极为广泛,通过野外地质填图及矿产调查过程中的详细观察和硅质岩岩石学特征分析,并根据硅质岩具有低SiO2、K2O、P2O5及HREE;高Al2O5、FeO、MgO、K2O＋Na2O、TiO2、∑EEE;SiO2／Al2O3、SiO2／（Na2O＋K2O）值分别为11～25和37～74;Fe／Ti值小于20、（Fe＋Mn）／Ti值小于15、Si／（Si＋Al＋Fe）值小于0．9等特征,认为这些硅质岩为火山成因。而且Th／Sc、Th／U和δCe等值及稀土配分曲线和TiO2-Al2O3图解也明确指示了硅质岩属火山成因类型。     

不同成熟度粳型巨胚稻籽粒萌发和抗穗发芽能力初探

为了了解不同成熟度粳型巨胚稻籽粒能力和抗穗发芽能力,以西巨胚1号为材料,当地生产用的合系22-2作对照,在开花后的不同天数取其籽粒和穗子进行发芽试验。结果表明：西巨胚1号籽粒灌浆不足21d的不具发芽能力,成熟的种子也只有53.7%具发芽能力,种子萌发的时间比合系22-2迟48h左右,且没有明显的发芽高峰;抗穗发芽能力比合系22-2强。     

不同栽培方式对粳型巨胚稻产量性状相关性及通径分析

以西巨胚1号为试验材料,比较了淹水、旱种、垄畦3种不同栽培方式下的水稻产量性状,并对其进行了相关及通径分析。结果表明,垄畦栽培方式下,西巨胚1号产量比淹水栽培下增产24．33％,产量构成较合理,有效穗、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重都显著提高;旱种下产量各构成因素均有较大幅度下降,导致减产显著。有效穗、每穗粒数和结实率与产量均呈极显著正相关,千粒重和产量呈显著正相关,而有效穗数与每穗粒数、有效穗数与千粒重、每穗粒数与千粒重呈较弱的负相关,因此,生产上巨胚稻栽培建议采用垄畦栽培方式更有利于其产量形成,在制定巨胚稻高产栽培措施时,应加强稻田水分管理,在提高千粒重的同时,主攻并协调好有效穗数和每德粒数。     

贵州晚三叠世关岭生物群集群死亡事件探秘

关岭布依族苗族自治县位,贵州省西南部,隶属于安顺市,境内山脉属于乌蒙山系,山体起伏绵延。这里的碳酸盐岩分布广泛,岩溶地貌千姿百态。就在这片崇山峻岭中,蕴藏着一个精美且具有重要科学意义的古生物化石群一关岭生物群。它包含了晚三叠世（2亿2千万年前）的许多重要生物,如个体巨大的鱼龙和海龙等海生爬行动物,密密匝匝倒悬在海洋中浮木上的海百合,以及大量的双壳类、腕足类和菊石类等无脊椎动物。     

晚清铁路外债国家政策形成新探

1889年,清政府确定修建铁路的政策,但对借债筑路仍持一贯的反对态度,铁路建设实行官办政策。至甲午战争结束后,在财政危机与严峻的瓜分危机形势下,为加快铁路建设,清政府铁路政策由官办转向商办,最终被迫选择铁路借债,晚清＂借债筑路＂政策初步确立。1898年,芦汉铁路比国借款订立并作为晚清铁路借款的参照模式,至此,晚清铁路外债国家政策最终形成。