基于地统计和GIS的河南省降水量和蒸发量空间变异性分析

在分析河南省1950年-2000年气象资料的基础上,采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,研究了河南省范围内年降水总量、年蒸发量、年盈亏量的空间变异和分布特征. 结果表明:河南省全年降水量在527.78～650 mm的区域占24.65 %;650～800 mm的区域占39.24 %;800～950 mm的区域占22.34 %;950～1 347.4 mm的区域占13.76 %.全年蒸发量为1 352.51～1 650 mm的区域占研究区总面积的20.15 %;1 650～1 800 mm的区域占33.21 %;1 800～1 950 mm的区域占33.31 %;1 950～2 361 mm的区域占13.32 %.     

高校力助"科技奥运"

2008年8月8日,举世瞩目的第29届夏季奥林匹克运动会即将在北京拉开帷幕。本届奥运会的特色之一,就是对众多先进科学技术的大量运用,也就是北京承诺奉献给世界的"科技奥运"。"科技奥运"是奥运史上首次提出的将科技与奥运结合的新理念。"科技奥运"的成功举办,将最大程度地展现我国多年来自主创新的成果,体现我国的科学技术发展水平与实力。     

How does contemporary climate versus climate change velocity affect endemic plant species richness in China？

Climate change is considered a top threat to biodiversity, but the relative roles of contemporary climate versus the rate of climate change in determining spatial patterns of biodiversity are far from clear. China has a very diverse flora and harbors a high percentage of endemic species, but the mechanisms underlying spatial patterns of plant endemism are poorly understood. This study explores the geographical patterns of a representative sample of 555 endemic seed plant species at the scale of 0.5° latitude × 0.5°longitude. Ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive models were compared to assess the relationship between richness of endemics and the rate of climate change in the past century, as well as a group of contemporary climate variables. In China, a high level of endemism was associated with high elevation and low rate of climate change. However, contemporary climate had a stronger impact than climate change velocity in the past century on endemic species richness patterns. Specifically,mean annual precipitation and annual range of temperature were important contemporary climatic factors. The rate of change of annual mean temperature, but not that of annual precipitation, also significantly contributed to the spatial pattern of plant endemic species richness. We found no significant relationship between topographic variation and endemic species richness, while temperature variability at multiple time scales was strongly correlated with the species richness pattern. Future work should consider the direction of climate change and incorporate higher-resolution data.     

Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specific δD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The content and hydrogen isotope ratios of n-alkanes extracted from recent lake surface sediments sampled from nine lakes in three different climate zones on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed. Values were compared with n-alkanes in plants from lake drain- ages, and δD values of meteoric water, lake water, and mean annual precipitation. The results showed that n-C23 was predominantly derived from aquatic plants, and n-C27- n-C33 from terrestrial higher plants. The average carbon chain length of n-C27-n-C33 （ACL27-33） was positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation. δD values of the long-chain n-alkanes n-C29 and n-C31 of terrestrial origin （varying between -214‰ and -169 ‰, and-226 ‰ and -185 ‰, respectively） were inversely correlated with mean annual precipitation; but in accordance with the average annual variations in δD （OIPC）, δD values of n-C31 were strongly related to the δD values of growing season meteoric water （R2 = 0.74）. The large difference between δD values of n-C23 of aquatic origin and n-C31 （an average of about 27 ‰） demonstrates the enrichment of the lake water δD compared to precipitation, caused by strong evaporation in the semiarid-arid areas of the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Average value of εn-c25- 31/p （-95 ‰） is evidently higher than the value observed in European wet regions （-128 ‰）; besides, εn-C31 （about -116 ‰） is constant along the study transect （SD = 9）, which indicates that n-C31 is a useful proxy for the environment.     

岷县高寒阴湿地区人工模拟飞播造林试验

1、试验内容及调查方法 飞播试验区位于岷县西北部湾山、背后山青年林,海拨高度为2400—2700m,坡度在0～23°之间,年平均气温3．6℃。年降水量552mm．属高寒阴湿气候区。土壤多为黄绵土,植被保存较好的地段为褐色森林土,土层厚度在100cm以上,pH值7．2～7．6,飞播作业区除少量在荒山弃耕地内．     

近期青藏高原长江源区急剧升温的冰芯证据

长江源区作为整个青藏高原20世纪以来增温幅度较大的地区之一得到了普遍的关注. 通过对2005年在各拉丹冬峰北部果曲冰川平坦的粒雪盆(33.58°N, 91.18°E, 5720 m a.s.l.)钻取的1支冰芯多参数的定年, 获得了长江源地区近70 a来大气降水中δ¹⁸O的历史记录. 利用各拉丹冬冰芯δ¹⁸O与该区域气象台站夏季气温(7~9月)之间显著的正相关性, 恢复了近70 a来各拉丹冬地区夏季气温的变化历史: 1940s气温较低, 1950s~1960s中期气温较高, 1970s中期气温下降到近70 a来的最低值, 1980s仍然处在一个低温期, 而1990s以来气温急剧升高的趋势延续到了21世纪初期. 各拉丹冬冰芯恢复的气温记录在1970s以来的增温率(0.5℃/10 a)要明显的高于各拉丹冬地区和北半球, 而1990s以来的增温率(1.1℃/10 a)约为1970s以来的2倍, 表明近期的增温有加速趋势且高海拔区域对全球变暖的响应更为敏感.     

1956—2011年金沙江下游梯级水电开发区降水变化特征分析

基于金沙江下游梯级水电开发区10个气象站1956—2011年的逐月降水资料，运用线性倾向估计法、Morlet小波分析法和R/S分析法对多年降水和季节降水变化及其趋势、周期和持续性特征进行分析。结果表明:研究区1956—2011年降水量呈波动式下降趋势，降水倾向率为-1.338 mm/a；季节降水中除春季呈微小上升趋势外，夏、秋和冬季均呈下降趋势，且空间差异明显；夏、秋季的降水量占全年的81.1%，尤以夏季为主导，占57.4%；年降水存在1~2 a、4 a 、8 a 、14 a和31 a的周期变化规律，其中8 a的周期尤为明显，通过90%置信水平检验；研究区降水序列总体上存在明显的Hurst现象，具有持续性特征，未来降水仍会维持减少趋势。     

1961-2020年内蒙古赤峰市地温和气温、降水变化特征及关系分析

利用1961-2020年赤峰市巴林左旗站、赤峰站、林西站共3个站点的气象资料，使用气候倾向率、累计距平法和信噪比法等方法对赤峰市近60a年季平均地温(0cm高度)、平均气温(200cm高度)的变化趋势、年代际变化特征进行了分析，对气候因子的突变年份进行了判定，并对地温与气温和降水量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：1961-2020年赤峰市地温和气温均呈波动性上升趋势，三站点地温平均气候倾向率为0.39℃/10a,气温平均气候倾向率为0.29℃/10a,冬季地温对气温升高响应最为强烈。1961-2020年来赤峰市地表温度和气温均经历由“冷”—“暖”的变化趋势。突变年份集中在1986-1996年间，地温突变相对滞后于气温突变。1961-2020年赤峰市3个气象站采集的年累计降水量均存在二次突变的现象，通过Pearson相关性分析发现降水突变与地温突变具有一定的负相关性，当降水量发生突变呈减小趋势后，0cm地温则有升高趋势，这种现象在夏季(雨季)最为突出。