Inorganic chemical composition and source signature of PM2.5 in Beijing during ACE-Asia period

Aerosol samples for PM2.5 were collected in Beijing for 38 consecutive days from March to April 2001 using an IMPROVE Sampler. Concentrations of 20 elements in PM2.5 were determined using a PIXE method. Results show that the average mineral dust concentration of PM2.5 was 14.6 Ilg/m3 during the observation period. On the sand-dust event days of March 21 and April 10, dust PM2.5 mass concentrations were 62.4 and 54.1 μg/m^3, respectively.These demonstrate that fine particle pollution by dust event in Beijing was very severe. The enrichment factors of S and Cu reached minimums on the dusty days and were high on the non-dusty days. It is considered that enrichment factors of elements in PM2.5, which are associated with human activities, can probably provide an effective method to distinguish local sources from external sources of dust. Factor analysis on the chemical composition in PM2.5 shows that sources of crustal matters, anthropogenic emission, and oil combustion contributed to PM2.5 levels in air in the springtime of 2001 in Beijing.     

复杂条件下的低渗透油田生产特征

在考虑了启动压力、毛管力、重力等因素的情况下 ,推导了低渗透油田油水两相渗流时含水率和无因次采油、采液指数的数学模型 ,并分析了上述 3种因素在数学模型中的作用。结果表明 ,对于水湿油藏 ,毛管力和启动压力的存在使含水率和无因次采液指数增加 ,重力则使无因次采液指数降低 ,而对含水率的影响与地层倾角有关。 3种因素均对无因次采油指数无影响。在理论分析的基础上 ,对胜利油区大芦湖低渗透油田的含水率和无因次采油、采液指数进行了实例计算 ,进一步验证了理论分析结果的可靠性     

Pt／C电催化剂碳载体热处理条件和性能研究

采用浸溃还原法，优化碳载体热处理条件，制备出具有高分散性、平均粒径为3．3nm的Pt／C电催化剂．通过TEM、XRD方法对催化剂进行结构表征；利用Pt／C薄膜电极结合CV法评价了电催化剂的性能，测试结果表明，采用Vulcan XC-72碳黑，在600℃下、氮气(或氩气)中进行热处理，所制得的Pt／C电催化剂对氧还原反应具有良好的电催化活性。     

Contributions of different land cover types in Otindag Sandy Land and Bashang area of Hebei Province to the material source of sand stormy weather in Beijing

Different land cover types in Otindag Sandy Land and Bashang area of Hebei Province are linked to a material source of sand stormy weather in Beijing based on results of field vegetation and soil survey and laboratory works. Results of grain size analysis show that dust release potential in per unit area of moving sandy land is small,while lowland meadow and meadow steppe in stony hills have high potential of releasing dusts in per unit area during sand stormy weather occurrence. Further considering the effects of vegetation, it is inferred that the moving sandy land served as a material source of past dust storm and the possibility of dust release in per unit area is low in current time.Typical steppe in stony hills is undergoing desertification and its dust release possibility in per unit area is high. Farmland has strong potential of release dusts when they are ploughed in spring, but a large amount of therophytes grow and thus prevent dusts from release when cultivation was terminated.Potentials of dust release in per unit area in fixed sand dunes,stony mountain meadow steppe and low land meadow are lowdue to high cover of perennials. Sand dune reactivation and desiccation of lakes and lowlands under estimated future climatic change will make them serve as a future material source of sand stormy weather.     

寻找火星生命的关键

据英《新科学家》２００２年６月１５日报道 :最近 ,美国阿灵顿得克萨斯大学的一位地质学家指出 ,黄铁矿或二硫化铁矿可能是提供火星生命是否存在的关键线索。大多数科学家都是在一种称为“黑硅石”的沉积岩中寻找变成化石的细菌。因为这些岩石坚硬非凡 ,足以在漫长的历史年代中保存原状 ,而且它们的薄片是透明的 ,科学家很容易观察到它们的内部有什么东西存在。但可惜的是 ,这种有化石的黑硅石极为稀少。早在１９６５年 ,科学家就注意到微生物化石也可能保存在黄铁矿或二硫化铁矿中。而这些矿物的薄片几乎在所有的海底岩石中都能找到。但在…     

辫状河流沉积油藏注聚初期调整方法及效果

针对孤岛油田中一区 Ng5 - 6砂质辫状河沉积油藏 ,注采对应程度较低 ,平面矛盾突出 ,在注聚初期表现出了与曲流河沉积油藏不同的动态特点 ,在深化油藏地质特征认识的基础上 ,分析了注聚初期油藏动态变化特征 ,采取了完善井网、水井调剖、调整产液结构等措施 ,取得了良好的开发效果 ,2 0 0 1年累计增油 2 .2× 1 0 4 t     

叶用银杏林配方施肥效应初报

文章对银杏采叶林氮、磷、钾不同配比的施肥效果进行了研究。试验结果表明N、P、K不同配比施肥后，对银杏的叶片面积、单叶质量和单株产叶量有明显的增长效果，增长幅度分别为：9．2％-22．5％、14．3％-29．5％和19．0％-55．1％。尤以N：P2P5：K20为6：2：2的配比最为显著，增长幅度分别为22．5％、29．5％和55．1％。     

地基液化的处理措施

砂土地基在地震动荷载作用下会发生液化，使地基丧失承载力，建筑物产生大量不均匀沉降，造成建筑物开裂、倾斜或破坏，国家财产和人民生命遭受损失。通过分析液化的形成条件及本身特性，提出了在设计中全部消除地基波化沉陷，部分消除地基液化沉陷和减轻液化影响的措施。     

采场模糊渗流定解问题的可表示性

采空区气体模糊渗流问题由模糊偏微分方程所描述，模糊微分方程是未知函数及其导数与已知模糊函数或者模糊常数的条件等式。方程解的模糊性是由已知模糊函数或模糊常数所引起的。当已知函数或常数为区间值函数或区间数时，相应的方程为区间微分方程，由于模糊函数或模糊数的截集为区间值函数或区间数，通常，模糊微分方程的解是利用模糊函数或模糊数截集所对应的区间微分方程解通过表现定理给出。由于模糊微分方程的解必须是模糊函数，如果通过表现定理给出的模糊微分方程方程的解是模糊函数，则称方程的解是可表示的，本文在给出模糊微分方程解的可表示定义同时给出了解的可表示判定条件，并且证明了有采空区气体模糊渗流定解问题的可表示性。     

发展城市地源和废热热泵的探讨

热泵是一种使热量从低温介质流向高温介质，以对建筑物进行供暖和供冷的装置。被公认是一种高效、节能、环保技术，近年来得到迅猛发展，以往的热泵多以地表水作为低温介质，近来开发的以土壤层和地下水为低温介质的地源热泵和以循环冷却水、废热等为介质的废热热泵更具有广阔的发展前景，我国有十分丰富的低温热源，工矿企业有大量的废热，在城市开发利用地源热泵和废热热泵，对于改善城市环境、节药能源具有重要意义。