浙北嘉湖平原成土母质及其土壤发育

浙江省北部的嘉湖平原是我国著名的农业发达区，土壤以水稻土为主，但类型多样，变化复杂，本文根据野外调查及实验分析和第二次土壤普查资料，试对平原成土母质的成因类型、特征、及其与主要土属类型之间的关系作一初步的研究。     

Characterization of MASDs of surface soils in north China and its influence on estimating dust emission

Inordertoquantitivelyevaluateeffectsofdustaerosolonradiativeforcing[1],andtounderstandtheprocessofatmosphericchemistryandbiogeochemistry[2,3],modelingthedustemissionfluxisakindoffundamentalwork.TheDPMmodel[4—6]isidealforpredictingdustemission[7—10]becauseitconsiderseffectsofsurfacefea-tures(MASDofsurfacesoil,roughnesslengthandsoilmoisture,etc)andsandblastingprocess.Italsoprovidesanexplicitphysicalmechanismthatisvalidatedbywindtunnelandfieldexperiments[7—10].Themeandiameterofsurfacesoilsi…     

Transformation of the salt-tolerant gene of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Avicennia marina</Emphasis> into tobacco plants and cultivation of salt-tolerant lines

Salt-tolerant gene, CSRG1, which was isolated from a kind of salt-tolerant mangroves, Avicennia marina, constructed the transgenic plasmid, pGAM189/CSRG1. CSRG1, GUS, Kmr and Hyg^r could be transferred into tobacco genome by the ameliorated leaf discs method of agro-bacterium-mediate transformation. Thirteen stable resistant lines were obtained when fifty transgenic explants were selected through 50 mg/L hygromycin and 150 mg/L kanamycin. Assessments of PCR amplification, Southern blot analysis and GUS histochemical staining showed that CSRG1 has been integrated into the genome of the eleven transgenic lines (frequency of transformation was 22%). Northern bolt analysis revealed that CSRG1 had expressed in transgenic lines. The assessments of salt-tolerant ability and photosyn-thetic rates indicated that the survival rate of the transgenic lines is 80%—90% and the transgenic lines could increase by 30%—40% in plant height, even when they were cultivated in MS medium containing 2% NaCl and the total seawater (salinity 24). It is supposed that the special physiologic metabolic pathway formed by the products of CSRG1 can really endow the tobacco plants with the high salt-tolerant ability, not only to Na^ stress, but also to the comprehensive stress of various ions.     

Land degradation, government subsidy, and smallholders＇ conservation decision： the case of the loess plateau in China

Land degradation is one of the severe environmental problems in China. In order to combat land degradation, a soil conservation program was introduced since 2000 to reduce soil erosion by converting slope-cultivated land into forestry and pasture. This paper represents the first systematic attempt to investigate the impact of the soil conservation program on land degradation in the loess plateau. The results indicate that the soil conservation program to convert slope fields into forest or pasture is an effective way to combat soil erosion. However, a subsidy that is higher than profit of land use activity of slope fields before their conversion into forest and pasture is needed to encourage farmers to join the conservation program. A policy measure to encourage and assist farmers to develop sedentary livestock by using crops produced from fields as well as fodder and forage grass from the converted slope fields might contribute to combat soil erosion. Increase in off-farm job opportunities may encourage households to reduce cultivation in slope fields. That implies a policy measure to encourage rural urbanization might contribute to combat soil erosion.     

煤矸石堆积对矿区土壤中重金属的影响

以开采历史达百年煤炭城市-淮南矿区为例,研究煤矸石长期堆积对矿区土壤造成的重金属污染.从不同开采历史的矿井区选择7条土壤采样线,系统采集煤矸石堆附近的土壤样品,使用电感耦合等离子体全谱直读光谱仪(ICP-AES)对土壤中主要有害元素(Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Sn、Cr、Co)进行分析,并用沉积物标样(LKSD-1)控制分析质量.研究结果表明煤矸石长期风化、淋溶已导致其堆边土壤中重金属发生累积性污染;不同矿井区土壤中重金属含量呈现随煤矸石堆积和风化时间长短呈递减趋势,且Cu、Co、Zn、Ni、Pb相对较易迁移,其含量在部分矿井区土壤中超过国家土壤一级污染标准,但均未超过二级污染标准,这说明煤矸石中重金属向周围土壤的迁移是一个缓慢过程.     

黄壤供氮能力预测的研究

利用^15N稳定性同位素进行水稻、烤烟的盆栽与田间试验,结果表明,贵州黄壤的供氮能力可以用“A”值表示,不同海拔高度的土壤养分校正系数在0．2－0．3之间。     

水肥耦合作用对土壤养分

水肥耦合最优饱和试验研究表明,在辽西半干旱区,低水量条件易引起N肥以氨态N挥发损失.当灌水量超过460nm时,高量施N可能会导致硝态N深层淋溶.高量施用P肥,土壤表层中OlsenP增加不明显,且灌水量变化对OlsenP在土壤各深度层次中含量影响不明显.N肥是影响春小麦生育前期叶面积指数和株高的主要因子.水分对春小麦株高的影响在生育前期不明显,至灌浆期时跃居主导地位.N、P配合施用可明显提高春小麦旗叶面积和株高.     

海岸带不同复合农林业系统的养分状况

通过对江苏沿海滩涂具代表性的银杏采叶园(A)、银杏果—叶—农复合园(B)、银杏材—农复合园(C)等3种不同银杏与农作物复合系统中植物和土壤养分分布规律及生物循环效率的测定分析,研究了不同复合系统的营养动态特征。结果表明,各模式表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量(ρ)呈现出ρB>ρA>ρC的特征,而钾素含量是ρA>ρC>ρB,同时表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷变异系数都以B模式最大,钾素的分布较均匀。土壤养分的垂直分布基本呈现出随土层加深而逐渐减小的趋势,但各模式各层养分含量的季节变化具不同特征。养分的生物循环率以钾最高,达55.26%,但模式B、C平均养分循环效率分别为45.6%、53.59%,明显高于A。氮素在各模式的总量是ρB>ρC>ρA,磷、钾都为ρA>ρB>ρC。土壤养分总体特征为有机质含量不高,贫氮缺磷,钾素较丰,因而提高豆类间作的强度,加强秸杆还田力度,增施磷肥是维持系统养分平衡的必要措施。     

西藏米拉山区种子植物区系研究

西藏米拉山区有种子植物71科304属728种,其中裸子植物有3科7属12种。该区植物地理成分复杂,特有现象明显,从科、属和种的分布类型统计分析,均表现为温带成分最多,分别占本层次的比例为43．66％,84．62％和58．72％,反映出典型的温带区系特征和区系的年轻性。依据种的丰富程度和一些自然地理条件的特征将米拉山区系划分为2个植物区系小区：米拉山东坡小区、米拉山西坡小区。与此相毗邻的色季拉山和墨脱比较,米拉山区系与色季拉山的区系性质更为相似。     

农田黑土微生物量碳的研究

根据试验测得的黑土微生物量碳结果,分析了黑土微生物量碳与土壤结构、土壤肥力以及环境条件之间的关系,为改良农田黑土,提高农田黑土土壤肥力提供依据,为黑土区农业的综合治理提供了技术支撑。表2,参5。