微卫星标记技术在水稻抗病育种中的应用

介绍了微卫星标记在水稻抗病育种中的应用研究进展，分析了目前微卫星标记在应用中所存在的问题，提出相应的解决方法，以期推动该技术在抗病育种研究中的应用，从而加速育种进程。     

地中海伞藻(Acetabularia mediterranea)叶绿体DNA串联重复顺序的克隆和限制性内切酶图谱分析

以COS质粒(cosmid)pCOS 2EMBL 为载体,构建了地中海伞藻叶绿体基因组分子克隆库,并且筛选到含有串联重复顺序的克隆。经限制性内切酶酶解图谱分析,证明了串联重复顺序的存在,重复次数为4次以上。     

小麦叶绿体DNA的提取与psbA基因的扩增

利用高离子强度，低ｐＨ值缓冲液匀浆细胞的方法，提取小麦叶绿体ＤＮＡ，并以此为模板，通过聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对小麦叶绿体ｐｓｂＡ基因进行了特异性扩增。     

藏山羊微卫星DNA多态性研究

选用10个SSR标记,经PCR扩增、9%非变性聚丙烯酰胺电泳和银染法显色,对高原型藏山羊、山谷型藏山羊进行遗传多态性研究,并以白玉黑山羊、建昌黑山羊、美姑山羊和新疆山羊作对照.结果表明,10个SSR标记在高原型藏山羊、山谷型藏山羊、白玉黑山羊、建昌黑山羊、美姑山羊和新疆山羊群体的平均H、PIC、Ne分别为0.673/0.631/4.3、0.680/0.649/4.7、0.777/0.660/4.3、0.797/0.716/5.1、0.793/0.561/3.2和0.680/0.629/4.6.高原型藏山羊与山谷型藏山羊(D=0.063)聚为1类;建昌黑山羊和美姑山羊(D=0.026)聚为1类后,再与白玉黑山羊聚为1类;最后两类与新疆山羊聚为1大类,与各群体的来源和生态地理分布一致.     

Structural and biochemical mechanism responsible for the stay-green phenotype in common wheat

In order to increase the supply of assimilated carbon to grain, a new stay-green wheat cultivar, Chuannong17 (CN17), with delayed leaf senescence, carrying wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translo- cated chromosome was developed. CN17 exhibited distinct differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (Chl) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activity of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) during the grain filling stage, and flag leaf senescence compared with the control. The new cultivar maintained longer and higher photosyn- thetic competence compared with the control, and this aspect correlated with the difference in chloro-plast development. Moreover, the stay-green pheno-type of CN17 was also observed under natural growth conditions. Consequently, the coordination of the physiological, biochemical, and structural aspects in the stay-green cultivar produced higher seed weights and per-plant yield compared with the control cultivar.     

植物细胞质雄性不育的分子机理研究进展

对细胞质雄性不育(CMS)的研究不仅在杂种优势利用上具有重要的实践意义,而且在研究核质互作方面具有重要理论意义,文中主要从CMS的胞质基因载体和核基因组对CMS的影响两个方面综述了近年来植物CMS分子机理的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了讨论.     

植物叶绿体色素的纸色谱分离

报道了一种新的以石油醚—氯仿—异两醇(79:20:1)三元体系为展开剂,分离叶绿体色素的单向纸色谱法,能够完全分离高等植物中常见的六种叶绿体色素,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素、紫黄质、新黄质和一种叶绿素a的衍生物脱植基叶绿素a。     

Effects of truncated mutants of the ε subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase on the fast phase of millisecond delayed light emission of chloroplast and its ATP synthesis ability

The ε subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase and the truncated ε mutants which lack some amino acid residues from the N-terminus or C-terminus were overexpressed in E. coil When the ε subunit or the truncated ε proteins was added to the spinach chloroplast suspension, both the intensity of the fast phase of millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) and the cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation activity of chloroplast were enhanced. With an increase in the number of residues deleted from the N-terminus, the enhancement effect of the N-terminal truncated proteins decreased gradually. For the C-terminal truncated proteins, the enhancement effect increased gradually with an increase in the number of residues deleted from the C-terminus. Besides, the ATP synthesis activity of ε-deficient membrane reconstituted with the ε subunit or the truncated ε proteins was compared. The ATP synthesis activity of reconstituted membrane with the N-terminal truncated proteins decreased gradually as the number of residues deleted from the N-terminus increased. For the C-terminal truncated proteins, the ATP synthesis activity of reconstituted membrane increased gradually with an increase in the number of residues deleted from the C-terminus, but was still lower than that of the wild type ε protein. These results suggested that: (a) the N-terminal domain of the ε subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase could affect the ATP synthesis activity of ATP synthase by regulating the efficiency of blocking proton leakage of ε subunit; and (b) the C-terminal domain of the ε subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase had a subtle function in modulating the ATP synthesis ability of ATP synthase.     

主动磁控微卫星姿态控制

采用偏置动量轮加磁力矩器作为控制方案的非重力梯度微卫星不同于通常的速率阻尼—姿态捕获—动量轮起旋控制模式.针对这一问题,该文提出了B-DOT磁控加动量轮常值起旋、主动磁控加常值动量轮进行姿态捕获和稳定控制的方法,设计了限制姿态反馈控制律进行捕获和稳定控制,以及LQG稳定控制律.采用磁场测量与磁控分时处理的策略,考虑测量误差和干扰力矩,以及不同偏置动量进行仿真.结果表明该方法使整个控制过程操作简捷,初态控制阶段时间显著减少,稳态阶段具有较高的控制精度和抗干扰能力.     

真细菌型的细胞分裂位点决定因子CrMinD基因在衣藻中从叶绿体到核的成功转移

MinD蛋白是一种普遍存在的ATP酶, 在真细菌、古细菌以及植物叶绿体的分裂过程中发挥着关键的作用. 在已研究过的4种绿藻(Mesostigma viride, Nephroselmis olivacea, Chlorella vulgaris, Prototheca wicker-hamii)中, MinD基因均由叶绿体基因组编码. 但在拟南芥中, MinD基因由核基因组编码, 其蛋白定位于叶绿体并参与叶绿体分裂的调控, 说明在高等陆生植物中, MinD基因已经转移到核基因组. 然而, 对于在质体进化过程中MinD基因从叶绿体转移至核的机制还不清楚. 我们从单细胞绿藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 衣藻)中鉴定了一个核编码的MinD同源物CrMinD, 其在野生型大肠杆菌(E. coli)中的过表达会抑制细胞的分裂并导致丝状细胞的形成, 表明植物MinD蛋白在进化上的保守性. CrMinD-egfp在烟草和拟南芥中的瞬时表达确认了CrMinD蛋白在调节叶绿体分裂中的作用. 在已公布的所有陆生植物质体基因组序列中, 没有发现MinD的同源物, 说明MinD基因从质体转移至核这一事件在进化出陆生植物以前就已经发生了.