X射线Fourier多峰解析法测定晶粒大小分布及微观应力的研究

1 实验部分 1.1 原理设X射线衍射峰的纯加宽(包括晶粒度和微观应力引起的加宽)峰形为f(y),仪器峰形为g(z),样品峰形为h(x),有: A_n=F_R(n)=[H_R(n)·G_R(n)+H_I(n)·G_I(n)]/(G_R~2+G_I~2) B_n=F_I(n)=[H_I(n)·G_R(n)-H_R(n)·G_I(n)]/(G_R~2+G_I~2) 式中N为衍射峰形的最大底宽,n为谐波指数,j=±1,±2,…±N/2,H_R,H_I,G_R和G_I分别为样品峰形函数和仪器峰形函数的Fourier系数,A_n,B_n是纯加宽峰形的Fourier系数。     

木星的卫星上发现有机分子

据英国《新科学家》周刊1997年4月5日报道，伽利略号宇宙飞船可能已拍摄到木星的两个卫星（fIOU－tymede和Calisto）表面含有碳分子和氮分子的闪光。碳和氨是创造生命的关键元素，它们在木星的卫星L出现，说明在太阳系的其他天体曾经有活的生命存在。科学家们在上个月休斯顿月球和行星研究学术讨论会上宣布了这一结果。他们根据伽利略宇宙飞船上的近红外线测绘光谱仪收集到的数据，分析了木星这两颗卫星表面的化学成分，发现了有机分子。近红外线科研小组的科学家之一，夏威夷大学的托马斯·麦科德指出，木星的这两个卫星上出现的四种新物…     

犬科动物保护遗传学研究现状

人类活动导致的栖息地片段化和过量的捕杀使多数犬科动物的分布范围和数量均大幅度下降,这类动物的研究和保护已经引起保护生物学家的广泛重视,而DNA分子标记技术为犬科动物保护生物学提供了新的研究方法.本文结合分子标记技术的发展历程,说明了犬科动物保护遗传学在研究内容上逐步扩展和深入的发展趋势,并对分子标记技术在犬科动物的分类地位、系统发生、杂交和基因渗入、遗传变异、种群遗传结构、基因流、亲缘关系等几个方面的应用进行了详细分析.本文还总结了我国在该领域的研究现状,提出了今后的研究与保护工作中应注意的问题.     

非谐效应对双原子分子气体转动热容量的影响

在高温情况下分子离心畸变和核的振动对异核双原子分子气体转动热容量贡献的基础上,讨论了非谐效应对双原子分子气体转动热容量的影响,很好地解释了双原子分子气体转动热容量曲线在高温情况下存在极大值的问题.     

太空：物理学的新实验室

物理学家和宇宙学家正在组织规划一些新的科学实验。虽然目前尚处于设想阶段，也是他们仍希望从大爆炸的遗迹和当今宇宙的高能角落里找出基本的物理规律——     

Epitypification： should we epitypify？

Epitypification can solve many taxonomic problems and stabilize the understanding of species, genera, families or orders. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how to epitypify. A few examples where taxa have been epitypified are considered and the benefits and disadvantages of epitypification are discussed. We also outline some examples of taxa which need to be epitypifled with reasons.     

用分子计算

计算机的速度能够达到多快?功能可以有多强大?可不可能有这么一天，人们创造出的人工“大脑”的智力与人类大脑相当——甚至优于人类?这些问题的答案在很大程度上以一个因素为基础，而这个因素就是：我们能够制得多小尺寸的计算机电路，以及能达到多大的集成密度。     

The DNA concentration effect on DNA radiation damage induced by <Superscript>7</Superscript>Li ions and γ rays

To evaluate the influence of the DNA concentration in the aqueous solution on DNA radiation damage, the plasmid DNA in the presence or absence of Mannitol （scavenger of free radical OH.） was irradiated by ^7Li ions and γ rays at various DNA concentrations. Gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the DNA damage of single and double strand breaks induced by irradiation became more severe at lower DNA concentration. In the condition of γ-ray irradiation, most of double strand breaks （DSB） damage was neutralized and less associated with DNA concentration in the presence of mannitol. However, under ^7Li irradiation, DSB damage could not be cleared by mannitol but was gradually aggravated with decreasing DNA concentrations. These findings imply that under low-LET irradiation, most of the DSB damage is generated by free radical OH·diffusion, and thus may be counteracted by scavengers, while at higher-LET irradiation, quite a fraction of DSB induction is caused by direct ionizing energy deposition of heavy ions, which cannot be eliminated. This work also indicates that the proportion between free radical damage and direct ionizing damage is s constant which is independent of DNA concentration when the DNA concentration is under a certain value （50ng/μL）. Our study sheds light on the un- derlying mechanisms in the DNA radiation damage process.