氩,最早发现的稀有气体

<正>空气中是不是只含有氧气(O2)和氮气(N2)两种气体呢?1785年,英国科学家卡文迪许做了一个关于空气的实验。当他设法把空气里的氮气、氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气都吸收掉后,发现还有一个小气泡剩在玻璃管内。卡文迪许没有忽视这个小气泡,做完这一艰巨的实验后,他得出结论:空气中除了氧气、氮气、二氧化碳、水蒸气外,还有一种不跟氧气发生反应的气体。它的含量极少,总量不超过空气的1/120。1892年,英国物理学家雷利用精密的天平测定氮气的密度时,发现从空气中分离出来的氮气为每升1.2572克,而从含氮物质中制得的氮气为每升1.2508克。经过多次测定,两者的质量仍然相差     

太行山中南段早白垩世岩石圈地幔的水含量:对华北克拉通破坏的动力因素的制约

已有的研究表明,华北克拉通东部的岩石圈地幔在克拉通破坏峰期(早白垩世)时是高度富水的,水化造成的岩石圈强度的显著降低为克拉通破坏提供了前提.古生代以来华北克拉通经历的大洋板块南向、北向和西向的俯冲都可能造成其水化.为了查明造成水化的主导过程,本文对太行山中南段符山早白垩世高镁闪长岩中的橄榄岩包体进行了水含量的测定.数据显示,太行山早白垩世岩石圈地幔的含水量(~40 ppm)远低于华北东部同期的岩石圈地幔(1000ppm).这些结果直观地表明,华北东部早白垩世岩石圈地幔的高水含量主要是由西向俯冲的太平洋板块造成的.从这个角度来说,华北克拉通破坏的主要动力因素可能是太平洋板块俯冲.     

渝东北地区龙马溪组页岩储层微观孔隙结构特征

为了系统描述渝东北地区下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩的微观孔隙结构,应用氩离子抛光聚焦离子束扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)、低温N2吸附及高压压汞实验定性和定量测试WX-1井岩心样品的孔喉形态、连通性、比表面积及孔径分布.通过对比分析不同实验测试的孔径分布,实现对页岩样品从微孔到宏孔的精细描述,并探讨了影响孔隙发育的控制因素.研究结果表明,龙马溪组页岩储层主要发育有机质孔、黏土矿物层间孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、颗粒边缘溶蚀孔及微裂缝等5种孔隙类型.受到后期压实作用的影响,有机质孔隙发育具有微观非均质性.纳米孔隙类型复杂、形态多样,主要为开放透气性孔,但存在细颈状墨水瓶孔及少量一端封闭的不透气性孔等影响页岩气的渗流;孔径分布具有“双峰”特点,纳米孔主要孔径为2～10 nm、30～90 nm,即直径＜100 nm的孔隙提供了大部分总孔体积,为页岩储层主要发育的孔隙类型.孔隙发育受多种因素的控制,直径≤50 nm微孔、中孔的发育与有机质有关,有机碳含量与微孔、中孔的孔体积呈正相关性;直径＞50 nm宏孔的发育与黏土矿物含量有关,随着黏土矿物含量的增加,宏孔的体积、比表面积也随之增大.     

回归模型的相关性检验

基于经验似然的方法构造了检验统计量,对非参数回归模型中的误差进行了相关性假设检验,获得了零假设下检验统计量的渐近分布为χ2分布.模拟计算表明相关性假设检验的经验似然方法具有较好的功效.     

Contributing to Sustainable Development—The Mission and Value of Higher Education

Some notes on sustainable development and scientific outlook on development were given．It is addressed that the mission of higher education to contribute to sustainable development should be reinforced and further expanded．The present situation of China’s higher education and the improvements required were analyzed．Two modes of thinking（reductionism and holism）and the relationship between the mode of thinking and the mode of development were discussed．The change in the mode of thinking is the key point for Chinese higher education,and more intensive reform of teaching affairs is necessary．A proposal of the revision of China’s Higher Education Act and University Constitutions was put forward．     

G-morphic环的若干结果

本文证明了幺π-正则环与左G-morphic的π-正则环的等价性;以及在约化条件下,G-morphic环与其他一些特殊环的联系;以及在ZI环类中,左(右)GP-V-(GP-V′-)的G-morphic环与强正则环的等价性.     

Sea surface temperature records of core ZY2 from the central mud area in the South Yellow Sea during last 6200 years and related effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

Sea surface temperature (SST) records in the South Yellow Sea during the last 6200 years are reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones (K 37 U ’) in sediment core ZY2 from the central mud area.The SST records varied between 14.1 and 16.5°C (15.6°C on average),with 3 phases:(1) A high SST phase at 6.2-5.9 cal ka BP;(2) A low and intensely fluctuating SST phase at 5.9-2.3 cal ka BP;and (3) A high and stable SST phase since 2.3 cal ka BP.Variation of the SST records is similar to intensity of the Kuroshio Current (KC),and corresponds well in time to global cold climate events.However,the amplitude of the SST response to cooling events was significantly different in different phases.The SST response to global cooling event was weak while the KC was strong;and the SST response was strong while the KC was weak.The difference in amplitude of the SST response is possibly caused by the modulation effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current which acts as a shelf branch of the KC and a compensating current induced by the East Asia winter monsoon.The warm waters brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current cushion the SST decrease induced by climate cooling,and both the Kuroshio and East Asian winter monsoon play important roles in the modulation mechanism.The SST records display a periodicity of 1482 years.The same period was found in the KC records,indicating that variation of the SST records in the central South Yellow Sea is strongly affected by KC intensity.The same period was also found in Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic and Arabian Sea sediment cores,showing a regional response of marine environmental variability in the East China Seas to that in the global oceans.     

早寒武世进攻型有毒节肢动物

为了防御敌害或捕杀猎物,许多现生动物发育有专门分泌和储藏毒素的毒腺,然后再通过专门的组织和器官,例如表皮组织、螫针、螫肢、毒牙等,将毒素排出体外,使敌害或猎物中毒.我们将这类能产生毒素的动物统称为有毒动物.防御型有毒动     

贵州早寒武世黑色页岩地球化学特征及其意义

贵州早寒武世早期普遍存在一套黑色页岩。通过对麻江羊跳、铜仁、遵义中南、遵义松林小竹、天柱大公塘剖面实地考察与地球化学分析,认为贵州早寒武世黑色页岩是在缺氧环境下,热水沉积为主导,同时受陆源强烈影响,是海水、生物和地球深部物质共同作用下形成的.     

An Average Edge Distance Contribution Method for Identifying Influential Nodes in Complex Networks

How to accurately and effectively identify the influential nodes in networks has always been a core issue. In order to evaluate the importance of the nodes, some famous centrality measures have been proposed and widely used. However, the existing methods still exist some shortcomings. In this work, a novel method named average edge distance contribution (AEDC) is proposed to effectively find the influential nodes, which measures the average contribution of each edge to the sum of distances of all node pairs in the network. For each node, we utilize the relative change of AEDC by removing it from the network to determine its influence. For verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the AEDC method, we simulate the process of disease spreading in four real complex networks with the Susceptible Infected Recovered (SIR) model. The experimental results show that our proposed method is more accurate than several benchmark centrality measures in terms of identifying the influential nodes.