钴离子处理对麦冬类囊体膜PSⅡ活性和多肽组分的影响

重金属污染是当今人类面临的最为严重的环境问题之一，其对动植物的影响不容忽视．从生物学角度来划分，重金属可以分为两类：必要元素和不必要元素．已有报道证实必要的重金属元素在高浓度时是有毒性的．重金属钴是一种必要元素，其在土壤溶液中的浓度为10mg／L时，可将农作物致死；水中浓度达10mg／L时，可使一些鱼类死亡（钴的毒性作用临界浓度为0．5mg／L）．高等植物光能的捕获、传递和转化主要是由叶绿体类囊体膜上的色素蛋白复合物来完成．因此，类囊体膜在植物的光合作用中起着非常重要的作用．曾有过重金属离子影响植物类囊体膜PSⅡ的研究报道，但目前对钴与类囊体膜的作用机理尚不清楚．为了探求重金属钴对类囊体膜的作用机理，本研究以麦冬类囊体膜为材料，检测了不同浓度的CO2^＋处理对类囊体膜的室温荧光发射光谱、DCIP光还原活性和多肽组分的影响，以探讨高浓度的CO^2＋对高等植物光合膜的作用方式和机理．     

Trichloroacetate affects the EPR SignalⅡslow and SignalⅠin the thylakoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

One electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal, named SignalⅡslow, originates from the oxidized Tyrosine 160 (YDo) of D2 polypeptide of photosystemⅡ reaction center. After adding high concentration trichloroacetate (TCA) to the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii thylakoid suspension, this signal was abolished in a minute. Treatment of TCA also removes a few of polypeptides, including three extrinsic polypeptides of oxygen-evolving complex, from the thylakoid membrane. Based upon the analysis of the microenvironment around YD with a three-dimensional model, it is indicated that relatively high hydrophobicity of this microenvironment may be the essential prerequisite for TCA to affect YD. It has been observed that TCA treatment also retards the decay of the SignalⅠ, produced by the oxidized reaction center chlorophyll dimer (P700+) of photosys- temⅠ.     

Increase in electron transfer activity in photosystem Ⅱ of spinach thylakoids caused by conversion of phosphatidyl- glycerol to phosphatidic acid molecules

The techniques of oxygen electrode polarography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were employed to investigate the effect of phospholipase D treatment on physiological function of spinach thylakoids. It was shown that the phospholipase D treatment on thylakoid resuited in the degradation of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and occurrence of phosphatidic acid (PA). The changes of PG to PA molecules caused an increase in oxygen evolution in photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ), which was accompanied by an uncoupling effect on thylakoid membrane. It was revealed that the head-groups of PG molecules play an important role in themaintenance of the appropriate physiological activity of thylakoid membrane.     

Induction of Apoptosis in Purified Nuclei from Tobacco-Suspension Cells by Cytochrome b6／f Complex

An apoptotic cell-free system containing cytosol and nuclei from normally cultured tobacco suspension cells was used to show that a spinach chloroplast preparation can induce apoptosis in nuclei, evidenced by DNA electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy observations, Further study showed that the chloroplast preparation or its pellet (thylakoid membrane) after hypoosmotic or supersonic treatment still exhibited the apoptosis-inducing activity, but the supernatant had no effect, which indicates that the apoptosisinducing effector in the chloroplast preparation is water-insoluble. The induction of apoptosis by chloroplast preparation could be attenuated by Ac-DEVD-CHO, the specific inhibitor of Caspase-3, implying involvement of a Caspase-3-1ike protease during the process. Furthermore, extensive apoptosis in nuclei was induced by cytochrome b6/f on the thylakoid membrane, indicating that this important cytochrome complex may have an important role in the chloroplast-related apoptotic pathway.     

Trichloroacetate affects the EPR Signal IIslow and Signal I in the thylakoid ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii

One electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal, named Signal II_slow, originates from the oxidized Tyrosine 160 (Y_D) of D2 polypeptide of photosystem II reaction center. After adding high concentration trichloroacetate (TCA) to theChlamydomonas reinhardtii thylakoid suspension, this signal was abolished in a minute. Treatment of TCA also removes a few of polypeptides, including three extrinsic polypeptides of oxygen-evolving complex, from the thylakoid membrane. Based upon the analysis of the microenvironment around Y_D with a three-dimensional model, it is indicated that relatively high hydrophobicity of this microenvironment may be the essential prerequisite for TCA to affect Y_D. It has been observed that TCA treatment also retards the decay of the Signal 1, produced by the oxidized reaction center chlorophyll dimer (P700⁺) of photosystem I.     

BIOGENESIS OF THYLAKOID MEMBRANES WITH RECONSTRUCTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN DELETION-MUTANT OF ORF469 IN BLUE-GREEN ALGA

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