Bicuculline and picrotoxin block γ-aminobutryic acid-gated Cl− conductance by different mechanisms

Summary Using isolated, internally perfused bullfrog dorsal root ganglion cells we have studied the dose-response curves for -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of internally or externally applied GABA antagonists. With external application of antagonists the inhibition of the GABA current by bicuculline was competitive and that by picrotoxin was noncompetitive. Picrotoxin but not bicuculline blocked when internally perfused.To whom reprint requests should be addressed.Acknowledgments. We thank Drs S. Minakami and S. Yasui for helpful discussions and comments.     

Differential effects of the serotonin receptors on cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons

Effects of serotonin (5-HT) on cerebral cortical neurons were examined by patch clamp techniques. 5-HT produced a variety of responses such as outward (19/73 patches/neurons), slow inward (15/73 patches/neurons), fast inward (8/73 patches/neurons), and mixed currents (initially fast inward deflection followed by an outward response: 2/73 patches/neurons), with a latency of 12 sec, 15 sec, 0 sec, and 0 sec respectively, at a holding potential of −60 mV in whole-cell patches. The fast inward currents were again evoked by a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide hydrochloride (CPBG). In the cell-attached patch clamp configuration, 5-HT inside the patch pipette elicited single channel currents with slope conductances of 42 pS and 132 pS (4/42 patches/neurons). CPBG inside the patch pipette evoked inward single channel currents with a lower slope conductance of 41 pS (3/23 patches/neurons). In contrast, application of 5-HT or a 5-HT₂ receptor agonist, α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine-maleate, outside the patch pipette induced outward single channel currents with a major slope conductance of 140 pS (8/30 patches/neurons) or 135 pS (6/20 patches/neurons), respectively. These results indicate that the outward and fast inward currents may be mediated respectively by the 5-HT₂ receptor, which is coupled to a G-protein, and by the 5-HT₃ receptor, which contains the non-selective cation channel, and that the mixed type may be caused by both the 5-HT₂ and 5-HT₃ receptors. Received 27 September 1996; received after revision 4 November 1996; accepted 7 November 1996     

二十二碳六烯酸乙酯对沙土鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤及水肿作用的研究

研究二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(E-DHA)对沙土鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤及其脑水肿的影响.选用雄性断奶沙土鼠灌胃给予二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(150 mg/(kg·d))或等体积溶媒10周,阻断沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉血流10 min,造成缺血再灌注模型;测定再灌注后脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)水平,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,超歧化氧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和钾、钠-ATP酶(Na ,K -ATPase)活性,脑水含量,钠、钾离子浓度及海马CA1区神经细胞存活百分数.结果表明:E-DHA预处理显著降低缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织MDA水平,阻止GSH含量、GSH-PX和Na ,K -ATPase活性下降,而对SOD的活性未表现出明显作用;E-DHA亦调节缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织钠、钾离子浓度,减轻缺血再灌注所致的脑水肿和神经细胞死亡.提示E-DHA对脑缺血再灌注脑损伤有显著保护作用,机制可能其与抗氧化作用有关.     

ASICs阻断剂对大鼠脑I/R损伤炎性反应的影响

探讨了酸敏感离子通道阻断剂阿米洛利对大鼠脑I/R损伤性炎性反应的影响。采用Zea Longa线栓法建立Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)模型,于脑缺血2h再灌注24h时间点测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和血浆内皮素的含量。结果显示各组间比较差异有统计学意义:血清肿瘤坏死因子-α:F=9.937,P=0.000;血浆内皮素:F=49.487,P=0.000;阿米洛剂Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和血浆内皮素较相应I/R模型组低(P<0.05)。这表明,阿米洛利可能通过阻断酸敏感离子通道减轻Ca2超载,降低肿瘤坏死因子-α和血浆内皮素的含量而抑制炎性反应,发挥神经保护作用。     

脑缺血动物模型的研究进展

缺血性脑血管病是由于脑动脉硬化等原因,使脑动脉管腔狭窄,血流减少或完全阻塞,脑部血液循环障碍,脑组织受损而发生的一系列症状,是临床医学的难题.制备脑缺血动物模型对缺血性脑学管病的病理生理学机制的探讨、特效药的筛选、最佳治疗方法的建立就显得尤为重要,本文就常用的脑缺血动物模型的选择、制备及影响因素做一综述.     

脑缺血损伤的研究进展

缺血性脑血管疾病是一种致死致残的常见病、多发病. 近年来,对脑缺血再灌注损伤的研究越来越深入. 大量的实验研究表明,脑缺血再灌注损伤对脑损害的机制是非常复杂的,在缺血性损伤过程中除缺氧和能量代谢衰竭外,由缺血诱导的一系列瀑布样效应是导致缺血性神经元死亡的重要机制. 同时脑缺血损伤的研究受到很多因素的影响,诸如血糖浓度、脑温、脑血流量、血压、鼠种以及大鼠的性别等. 本文就脑缺血损伤的相关病理生理机制、影响因素及治疗等方面的进展进行综述,以期对缺血后神经元的死亡机制作进一步的探索.     

rAAV1载体介导外源性VEGF-165和Angiopoietin-1基因治疗大鼠脑缺血的疗效评价及其机制研究

为研究经脑室途径联合应用血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和血管生成素（Angiopoietin-1,Ang-1）,治疗大鼠急性脑梗塞的效果,并探讨治疗的机制。采用脑立体定向输注的方法,将rAAV1-VEGF治疗载体或者rAAV1-VEGF和rAAV1-Ang-1的混合治疗载体,通过侧脑室转染途径对大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞缺血再灌注模型进行基因治疗。观测VEGF和Ang-1蛋白表达、血脑屏障通透性、脑微血管密度等指标,并对大鼠进行神经功能行为评分等。结果显示,联合应用VEGF和Ang-1治疗急性脑梗塞可降低血脑屏障通透性,减轻脑水肿。增加缺血灶周围脑区的微血管密度,改善大鼠的神经功能。由此得出结论：联合应用VEGF和Ang-1基因治疗大鼠急性脑缺血。可保护脑细胞,促进新生血管生成,减轻脑水肿。改善大鼠的神经功能。     

阿托伐他汀联合氯吡格雷对急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及凝血功能的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀联合氯吡格雷治疗对急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及凝血功能的影响.方法将80例急性脑梗死患者根据随机数字法分为对照组(阿司匹林及阿托伐他汀)和观察组(对照组基础上,加用氯吡格雷),比较两组治疗的临床疗效、治疗前后动脉粥样硬化斑块面积及颈动脉中层厚度,治疗前后凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平变化情况.结果与对照组相比,观察组治疗的总有效率明显增高(P0.05);与对照组相比,观察组治疗后动脉粥样硬化斑块面积及颈动脉中层厚度均明显减少(P0.05);与对照组相比,观察组治疗后PT,APTT均明显增高,FIB水平显著降低(P0.05).结论阿托伐他汀联合氯吡格雷治疗能够明显减少急性脑梗死患者的斑块面积,改善凝血指标,提高疗效,值得临床推广使用.     

Synergistic effect of acute hypoxia on flow-induced release of ATP from cultured endothelial cells

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in primary cultures were perfused under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. These cells were stimulated twice for 3 min by increased flow (from 0.5 to 3.0 ml/min). Under hypoxic conditions the basal release of ATP was the same as under normoxic conditions, but during increased flow the release was greater (0.58±0.07>0.32±0.04 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells (+78%), for the first period of stimulation; 0.39±0.05>0.22±0.03 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells (+79%) for the second period). Further experiments with sequential increments in flow rate showed that under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, a positive correlation existed between ATP release and the rate of flow but there was always more ATP released under hypoxic conditions regardless of the flow rate.HUVECs in secondary culture (second passage) were similarly stimulated. No differences were observed between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In both cases, the quantity of ATP released during high flow (0.050±0.004 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells) was significantly smaller than the quantity of ATP released during low flow (0.09±0.01 pmoles/ml/10⁶ cells).To conclude, since hypoxia alone did not affect ATP release, there appears to be a synergistic relationship between increased shear stress and hypoxia in the stimulation of ATP release from HUVECs. Moreover, the release of ATP under these conditions seems to be a property of highly differentiated endothelial cells.     

增加孔壁粗糙度提高钻孔灌注桩承载力的原理及施工措施

根据对他人实验研究的进一步分析，确认：不同的孔壁粗糙度是导致同一场地中钻孔灌注桩承载力差异的根本原因，并介绍了提高孔壁的粗糙度的施工措施及方法。