小麦雌性不育系的胚胎学及其遗传观察

为了探明小麦雌性不育的胚胎学机理,以普通小麦育性正常品种、雌性不育系4042及其F1的早期子房作为观察对象,通过石蜡切片观察和统计,发现雌性不育小麦子房败育的原因是多方面的,主要是双受精障碍,占所有不育子房的50%以上,其次是早期的原胚虽然发育正常,但胚乳发育有不同方式的异常,最终导致子房的败育,雌性总不育率达93.3%.本文还通过比较双亲及杂种F1的幼胚发育,从胚胎学角度进一步证明了小麦雌性不育性状受隐性主效基因控制.     

酶处理法在β-内酰胺类抗生素无菌检查中的应用

研究β—内酰胺类抗生素酶处理法应用于无菌检查的方法。以阳性菌是否生长为指标进行实验,确认该方法可用于β-内酰胺类抗生素的菌检查。     

Identifying neutral allele Sb at pollen-sterility loci in cultivated rice with Oryza rufipogon origin

Pollen sterility is commonly found in the intra-specific hybrids of indica and japonica rice, which is one of the main constrains for the utilization of heterosis between indica and japonica. Six loci controlling the pollen sterility of F1 between indica and japonica have been identified from previous studies. Neutral alleles at each locus are potential to overcome the F1 pollen sterility associated with the locus. Therefore, exploitation and utilization of neutral alleles are of significant importance. The present research was based on fine mapping of the F1 pollen-sterility gene Sb and the abundant genetic diversity of Oryza rufipogon Griff. indigenous to Gaozhou, Guangdong Province （referred to as Gaozhou wild rice）. Crosses were made using Taichung65 （with the genotype of Sb^jSb^j and referred to as El） and its near-isogenic line of F1 pollen sterility gene Sb（with the genotype of Sb^iSb^i, E2） as female parents, and 12 different accessions of Gaozhou wild rice as male parents. F1 pollen fertility was examined to identify the materials having the neutral alleles at the F1 pollen-sterility locus. Segregation of 4 molecular markers tightly linked with the Sb locus was analyzed in the F2 populations derived from the FlS carrying the neutral gene. The pollen fertility related to the 3 genotypes of the molecular markers was also checked by statistical test to determine whether it was consistent with the hypothesis. The results showed that the pollen fertility of two F1s from one accession of Gaozhou wild rice （GZW099） with E1 and E2 was （89.2±21.07）% and （85.65±1.05）%, respectively. Both of them were fertile and showed no significant difference by t-test. Segregation of the 3 genotypes of the 4 molecular markers followed the expected Mendelian ratio （1：2：1） in the F2 populations. There was no significant difference for the averaged pollen fertility of the plants related to the 3 genotypes, suggesting that no interaction exists between the alleles at the Sb locus in GZW099 and Taichung65 or E2. Evidentially, GZW099 carried the neutral gene （named Sb″Sb″） at the Sb locus, which provides valuable theoretical basis and resources for further studying and overcoming the sterility of indica-japonica hybrids.     

大白菜细胞核雄性不育基因向小白菜中转育的研究

以大白菜核基因雄性不育材料为不育源,根据细胞核复等位基因遗传假说,采用有性杂交方法,将大白菜核不育复等位基因转入小白菜获得了成功,在国内外率先育成了不株率和不育度均为100％的小白菜核基因雄性不育系。提出了小白菜核基因雄性不育系转育遗传模式。     

From pollen actin to crop male sterility

Actin plays an important role in the life activity of animal and plant cells. Pollen cells have plenty of actin whose structure and characteristics are very similar to the animal actin. The nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of plant actin gene are very similar to those of the animal gene. The content of pollen actin from male sterile plants is much more lower than that from its maintainer plants. The expression of actin gene is organ-specific during the plant development. The expression quantity of actin gene in pollen is much more higher than those from root, stem and leaf. The expression plasmid of the anti-sense actin gene was constructed, transferred to the protoplasts of wheat and tomato to inhibit the expression of actin gene in pollen and thus the male sterile plants of wheat and tomato were obtained. The actin in pollens from the transgenic plants was reduced significantly, whereas the pistil was not affected. This study might pave a new way to breeding male sterile lines for the application of hybrid vigor of wheat and tomato.     

马铃薯育性和非育性、倍数性和杂种优势研究概况

世界各国近１０年的马铃薯育性和非育性、二倍体和四倍体、杂种优势现象研究取得实质性进展，本文对这些研究进行评述。     

The genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration in rice

Cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is a maternally inherited characteristic found in many （〉150） plant species. CMS/restoration systems are useful tools for hybrid seed production, and are ideal models for study of the interactions between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. CMS/restoration systems in rice have been widely used for hybrid seed production, greatly contributing to the food supply. This article reviews the progress of the studies on the genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration in rice.     

哒嗪类小麦化学杂交剂的合成及生物活性研究

建立了一条合成哒嗪类小麦化学杂交剂1-对氯苯基-1,4-二氢-4-氧代-6-甲基哒嗪-5-羧酸的合成路线。以对氯苯胺为主要原料,经过四步工艺合成杀雄嗪酸,合成工艺成本低,反应条件温和,适合工业化生产。对哒嗪类化学杂交剂的生物活性进行了测试。通过对工艺的优化,并对化合物的分离和纯化条件进行了摸索和改进,取得了较好的实验结果。1-对氯苯基-1,4-二氢-4-氧代-6-甲基哒嗪-5-羧酸总收率(以对氯苯胺计)可达到70%。