煤中痕量砷和汞的形态分析

应用连续化学浸提法对煤进行四次浸提,根据不同形态砷、汞的溶解度,将煤中砷、汞分为可交换态、硫化物结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态.砷在煤中主要以硫化物结合态存在,汞在煤中主要以硫化物结合态和残渣态存在.不同煤种中砷、汞的各种形态的含量分布是不同的.将煤按不同密度分级后,分别测定了各级煤粉中砷、汞含量.砷、汞在密度较大的煤中含量较大,说明砷、汞主要存在于煤中的矿物质中.     

氯化铝和聚合氯化铝(PAC)在黄河水中的混凝效果与残留铝含量及组分

研究了初始pH和投加量对AlCl₃和聚合氯化铝(PAC)在黄河水混凝过程中混凝效果的影响, 并对出水中的残留铝进行了分离试验. 结果表明, PAC 对黄河水混凝效果更好, 且在碱性条件下对初始pH 改变较少. 在投加量为15 mg/L、溶液初始pH 为6.0 时, AlCl₃ 和PAC 对黄河水中浊度、UV₂₅₄ 和溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率较高. 2 种混凝剂在黄河水处理中最佳投加量是15 mg/L, 最佳初始pH是6.0; 出水中有机物大部分是亲水性的, 增加投加量以及中性和偏碱性条件利于去除疏水性有机物; PAC 中的铝不易残留余铝率较低, 2 种混凝剂中的铝在投加量11~15 mg/L、初始pH 为8.0 左右残留较少. 混凝出水中残留铝中大部分是总溶解性铝, 总溶解性铝中溶解性有机铝成分最大, 溶解性单体铝主要以无机单体铝为主. 在投加量10~15 mg/L,初始pH 为7.0~8.5 下可有效控制残留铝含量. PAC 混凝出水溶解性有机铝含量较高, 其他几种组分残留铝较低, 且能有效降低毒性较大的溶解性铝和溶解性单体铝的含量.     

Recent species of the Family Candonidae (Ostracoda,Crustacea) from the ancient Lake Biwa,Central Japan

Sampling of Lake Biwa between November 1997 and February 2007 has revealed a diverse Candonidae fauna consisting of 18 species. Eleven are previously undescribed species, belonging to the genera Fabaeformiscandona (nine species), Pseudocandona (one species) and Cypria (one species), and 10 of these are potentially endemic to the lake. In total there are 12 Fabaeformiscandona species in the lake belonging to two sub‐groups based on the number of setae on the mandible palp, the fabaeformis‐group (10 species) and the acuminata‐group (two species). Including the new Fabaeformiscandona species described herein, Lake Biwa is home to 19% of the approximately 62 described living species of this genus known globally. Although, the new Fabaeformiscandona species are potentially endemic, they do not show a microevolutionary pattern similar to that suggested for the Tanganyikan Cyprideis species flock.     

Duplications of additively acting genes in the evolution of a plant (Microseris pygmaea)

Summary Crosses betweenMicroseris pygmaea (10 pappus parts per fruit) andM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts) have revealed 10-determining genes that additively determine the average number of pappus parts in the hybrids. One or two such genes are found in different populations. Two independent duplications of the original 10-determining gene seem to have occurred.     

Al-Ferron逐时络合比色分光光度法分析Al30形态的研究

探讨了运用Al—Ferron逐时络合比色分光光度法进行Al30分析的适用性．与传统ferron比色法属于操作性的定义不同．该方法对Al-Ferron逐时络合比色的时间扫描数据进行非线性拟合,并假定3种动力学可测形态：一种是瞬时完成的0级反应的铝单体：另两种是一级反应的待定形态．以拟舍得到的特征k值和吸光度,作为定性和定量的依据．结果表明：通过优化拟合改进的ferron比色法,可以获得Al30的特征k值,其值在15mLferron比色体系中为7×10-5数量级;Al30用ferron比色法的定量分析结果与^27Al NMR鉴定结果基本一致,可用以定量分析Al30.该方法既可替代昂贵的^27Al NMR鉴定．又能弥补传统ferron比色法定性模糊的不足．     

CE—ICP—AES用于大鼠血浆中Mg的形态分析

研究毛细管电泳-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱联用技术应用于大鼠血浆中镁元素形态分析的新方法,并对游离态的镁进行表征．实验优化条件为：融熔毛细管120cm×100μm（LD-）;缓冲溶液50mmol／LNaAc-HAc（pH=5．5）;电泳电压20kV．在该条件分析大鼠血浆样品中Mg的形态主要有7种,通过标准Mg的迁移时间及加标后迁移时间定位表征血浆样品中游离镁的形态峰,各形态迁移时间RSD％3％,峰面积定量血浆样品中游离镁的含量为14．0mg／L,RSD％5％．采用以上联用技术对大鼠血浆样品中游离镁进行了加标回收测定,其加标回收率为95．8％-103．8%．     

长沙市秋季TSP中重金属形态分布和污染评价

对长沙市师大附中、雨花区和火车站3个采样点秋季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,并对重金属元素的生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,不同区域TSP浓度分布差别较大,其中雨花区最高,师大附中最低;TSP中重金属污染广泛存在,元素Zn,Pb浓度比Cu和Cd浓度要高,其中Zn的平均浓度为2.528μg.m-3,Pb为2.347μg.m-3,Cu为0.187μg.m-3,Cd为0.002μg.m-3.Tessier化学形态分析结果显示:Cu在前四态中含量非常高,特别是可交换态和碳酸盐态.Zn,Pb和Cd在前4态中分布也较多,表明4种金属元素迁移性高.生物有效性评价结果显示TSP中重金属生物可利用性强,Cu和Cd的生物有效性要高于Zn和Pb.     

Mercury speciation and spatial distribution in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet

The Yarlung Zangbo River is the highest river in the world. It flows from west to east through the southern part of Tibet. The mercury (Hg) speciation and distribution in surface waters and soils near the bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tribu-taries, the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers, were investigated in June 2007. Simultaneously, major water quality parameters were also measured at the same stations. Total Hg (THg) and total methylmercury (TMeHg) concentrations in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River ranged from 1.46 to 4.99 ng/L and from 0.06 to 0.29 ng/L, respectively, representing the background levels in river systems of the Tibetan Plateau. Particulate Hg (PHg) accounted for 69% of the THg, and the two Hg species had a significant relationship (r=0.990, P<0.01). Approximately 61% of the spatial distribution of THg was controlled by the concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP). Reactive Hg (RHg) concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.36 ng/L, and this fraction may play a weak role in terms of the transport and fate of Hg in surface waters. Dissolved methylmercury (DMeHg) constituted 71% of the TMeHg and was significantly correlated with TMeHg (r=0.746, P<0.01). The spatial distribution of TMeHg is not strongly affected by environmental factors such as THg, RHg, temperature, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and TSP. In addition, the inflow of both the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers probably influences the concentrations of THg in surface waters of the mainstream, but such an effect is not obvious for TMeHg.     

长江中下游河流沉积物和悬浮物中金属元素的形态特征(英文)

采集了长江中下游8个样点沉积物和悬浮物样品(1992年8月)。用连续提取方法提取了金属元素的五种化学形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质-硫化物结合态、残渣态),用ICP-AES分析了所有样品中锂、钠、钾、镁、钙、锶、钛、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、铝、钇和锆共15种元素的各化学形态的含量,并用聚类分析方法研究了这些元素在形态上的分类特点。结果表明:在沉积物和悬浮物中,碱金属元素(锂、钠和钾)主要以残渣态和可交换态存在;碱土金属元素(镁、钙和锶)各形态含量较为均匀,但钙的碳酸盐态含量很高;锰和钴的铁锰氧化物态含量较高;铁族元素除锰和钴以外(钛、钒、铬、镍)、铝和锆残渣态含量很高、其它形态含量很低。其中,碱金属元素中锂的铁锰氧化物态和有机质-硫化物态占有一定比例;所研究元素中钙的残渣态含量最低。     

基于多点位分析的铬污染土壤电动修复研究

采用电动修复法对铬含量为600 mg/kg的污染土壤进行了处理,基于多点位分析研究了修复时间和修复电压对铬迁移规律、价态转化和形态转化的影响规律。结果表明：随着修复电压和修复时间的增加,铬的迁移率提高,当修复电压为30 V,修复时间为14 d时,土壤中的Cr(T)含量下降至200 mg/kg以下,低于我国土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)中二级农业用地的限值;修复完成后,土壤中大部分的Cr(VI)转化为Cr(III),可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态等不稳定态向有机物结合态及残渣态等稳定态转化,铬的环境风险(物理流动性和生态风险)降低。