Time-lapse photography reveals the occurrence of unexpected bee-pollination in Calanthe izuinsularis,an endangered orchid endemic to the Izu archipelago

Calanthe izuinsularis is a rare, beautiful and fragrant orchid endemic to the Izu archipelago. Although it is known that mainland populations of closely related Calanthe species are pollinated by medium- to large-sized bees, it is likely that C. izuinsularis has been forced to alter its floral biology to attract alternative pollinators, as large-sized bees are rarely found on the Izu Islands. Indeed, the unusual floral characteristics of C. izuinsularis, which produces pale flowers that emit a strong and fragrant scent during the night, are considered the adaptation to a moth-pollinator syndrome. As expected, our time-lapse photography using a digital camera revealed that the inflorescences of C. izuinsularis were most frequently visited by nocturnal moths such as Noctuidae, Geometridae and Crambidae, which accounted for 50% of all insect visits (in terms of both the number of frames with captured visitors and the number of times visited). However, our study could not provide evidence of a pollinator shift towards moths because none of the moth species was observed with pollinaria. On the other hand, our study found that the pollinaria of C. izuinsularis could become attached to the mesothorax of the small-sized sweat bee Lasioglossum occidens. Therefore, our study suggests that C. izuinsularis is still somewhat dependent on bee pollination, while the orchid has changed its floral colouration and scent. The occurrence of bee-pollination in C. izuinsularis would provide an explanation for how the natural hybridisation between C. aristulifera, C. discolor and C. izuinsularis can occur.     

大气颗粒物中元素Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和 Mn的形态分析

为了探讨大气颗粒物中重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和Mn的存在形态,对济南市采暖期总悬浮颗粒物TSP样品进行分级提取．结果表明,不同区域TSP中的重金属元素存在形态分布差别较大,主要以残渣态为主,质量分布亦有明显差异．     

硫化剂对畜禽粪便中重金属存在形态的影响

基于Tessier五步提取法,通过摇瓶试验考察了硫化钠和乙硫氮两种硫化剂对畜禽粪便中Mn,Zn,Cu和Cr四种重金属存在形态的影响,并探索了硫化剂对重金属离子的固化能力.结果表明,硫化剂的添加能够明显降低畜禽粪便中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态重金属含量,在硫化剂用量为2 g/kg时,畜禽粪便中的重金属达到较好的钝化效果.同时,乙硫氮对四种重金属的钝化性能明显好于硫化钠,在弱酸性环境下仍能明显降低可交换态和碳酸盐结合态重金属含量,而硫化钠在中性和碱性环境下对重金属具有较强的钝化能力.分析化学和结构化学研究表明,硫化钠主要通过S2-或其水解产物与重金属发生反应生成难溶化合物而对重金属产生钝化性能;而乙硫氮主要与重金属离子形成稳定的四元螯合物对重金属产生钝化作用.     

步进氢化物发生ICP光谱法观察砷不同形态氢化行为的时间分辨

用自制的步进氢化物发生器和ＩＣＰ光谱仪观察了Ａｓ（Ⅱ）,ＡｒｓｅｎａｚｏⅢ,Ａｓ（Ⅴ）的砷化氢发生的不同行为。实验得到分别相应于Ａｓ（Ⅲ）,Ａｒｓｅｎａｚｏ,Ａｓ（Ⅴ）３种形态的３个时间分辨信号峰的图形。步进氢化物发生有希望成为氢化元素化学形态分析的新的研究方法。     

CO2和O2共注入下方解石溶解对黄铁矿氧化固铀的影响

我国大型可地浸砂岩型铀矿床普遍存在黄铁矿和方解石与铀矿物密切共生现象。中性地浸采铀过程中O₂和CO₂的共注入会诱导黄铁矿氧化和方解石溶解,目前针对二者共存体系中方解石溶解对黄铁矿氧化固铀的影响尚不明确。本文通过静态批实验和数值模拟的方法对比研究了CO₂和O₂条件下方解石溶解对黄铁矿氧化固铀的影响。结果表明：无CO₂分压下中性Tris缓冲体系中黄铁矿氧化对U(VI)的吸附率高达90%,有CO₂分压下碳酸铀酰体系中铀的固定率明显降低,约有32%的铀被吸附。在方解石和黄铁矿共存体系中,单独通O₂条件下铀的吸附率为27%,CO₂和O₂共通时黄铁矿氧化对铀的吸附率仅为2%,结合数值模拟结果表明O₂+黄铁矿+方解石体系和CO₂+O₂+黄铁矿+方解石体系中Ca₂(UO₂)(CO₃     

Application of chemical fractionation and X-ray powder diffraction to study phosphorus speciation in sediments from Lake Hongfeng,China

Based on the techniques of sequential extraction and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the distribution characteristics of phosphorus speciation were investigated in 13 sediment samples from Lake Hongfeng, an important drinking water source for Guiyang with a typical karstic limestone environment. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the sediments ranged from 973.36 to 2334.18 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 1635.87 mg/kg (dry weight), and it was evident that the phosphorus level in the sediments was high compared with other eutrophic lakes such as Lake Chaohu and Lake Xihu. The results of the two methods, sequential extraction and XRD, demonstrated the presence of different phosphorus species in the lake sediments. Being compatible with local geophysical characteristics, the results of sequential extraction techniques indicate that the average percentages of dissolved phosphorus (DP), aluminum-bound phosphorus (Al-P), iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P), calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) and organic phosphorus (OP) in the sediments were 0.40%, 7.06%, 5.07%, 45.48% and 38.49%, respectively. Notably, the concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (IP) were higher than those of OP, and the IP consisted primarily of Ca-P. The high concentrations of Ca-P may temporarily control the release of phosphorus from the sediments because it is a relatively stable, inert and non-bioavailable phosphorus fraction. The results of XRD analysis indicated that, among phosphorus species, AlPO₄ was found in all sediment samples at relatively high concentrations. Moreover, the TP concentrations in the sediments were high; thus the release potential and bioavailability of phosphorus in the sediments was important. Further statistical analyses of the results revealed significant correlations between phosphorus species in the sediments with two extractable principal components and four selectable cluster levels allowing interpretation of possible origins of phosphorus loading and transformation mechanisms of phosphorus species. Furthermore, available remediation measures were briefly assessed for the lake while considering its distinct environmental features.     

固相萃取与新银盐法联用测定水样中无机砷的形态

建立了活性碳负载APDC固相萃取与新银盐法联用分别测定水样中微量不同价态As(Ⅲ/Ⅴ)的新方法。实验表明:在pH为1.8～2.5的水溶液中,负载活性碳对As(Ⅲ)可选择性吸附,探讨了影响固相萃取的时间、酸度等主要因素,吸附率最高可达到90%,回收率大于90%.     

Methodology and Foreground of Metallomics

Metallomics is proposed as a new omics to follow genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. This paper gives an overview of the development of metallomics based on the introduction of the concept of metallomics and its methodology.