4,11-Epoxy-cis-eudesmane,soldier cephalic secretion of the Nearctic desert termite,Amitermes minimus Light (Termitidae: Termitinae)

Summary The soldier cephalic secretion of the Nearctic desert termite,Amitermes minimus, consists almost entirely of 4,11-epoxy-cis-eudesmane which was previously identified from soldiers of 2 AfricanAmitermes species. Soldiers ofA. minimus each store circa 61 g of the secretion. Bioassays with the ant,Crematogaster californica, indicate a repellent role for the eudesmane compound in termite defense.Classification as proposed by Sands, W.A., Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Ent., suppl.18 (1972).Supported by Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid of Research and California Statewide Critical Applied Research grant.     

中华乌塘鳢对性外激素嗅电反应的比较

用电生理方法研究中华乌塘鳢嗅上皮对PGE2、PGF2α、17α P和17α,20β P4种人工合成激素和对性成熟中华乌塘鳢贮精囊、精巢、卵巢和性未成熟卵巢4种提取液的嗅电反应(Electro olfactogram,EOG),观察嗅觉对不同刺激物的敏感性以及性成熟度对EOG的影响,以探讨中华乌塘鳢嗅上皮对何种性外激素最为敏感及嗅觉敏感性与性成熟度的关系.结果表明:性成熟鱼嗅上皮对4种人工合成激素的EOG大小顺序为:PGE2>PGF2α>17α P>17α,20β P,雄鱼对PGE2、PGF2α的EOG明显大于雌鱼(P<0.05);性成熟鱼嗅上皮对4种提取液的EOG大小顺序为:性成熟贮精囊液>性成熟精巢液>性成熟卵巢液>性未成熟卵巢液,它们之间的相对刺激有效性(Relativestimuluseffectiveness,RSE)差异在雄鱼为显著(P<0.05),在雌鱼则为极显著(P<0.01);性成熟鱼嗅上皮对性外激素的敏感性明显高于性未成熟鱼(P<0.01).     

The vomeronasal system

In addition to the main olfactory system, many vertebrates possess a vomeronasal system that conveys more specialized chemosensory information. Unlike the airborne, volatile stimuli detected by the main olfactory system, vomeronasal stimuli are typically proteins of the lipocalin family which bind small, volatile ligands. Despite the smaller number of vomeronasal receptor types, the projection patterns of the vomeronasal receptor neurons to multiple glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb appear to be more complicated than those of the main olfactory system. The vomeronasal system has a direct sub-neocortical projection to hypothalamic areas that mediates specific behavioural and hormonal responses to pheromonal stimuli. However, the integration and transmission of this information can be modulated by learning mechanisms. The aim of this article is to outline some of the functions of the vomeronasal system, and in particular to comment on recent advances in our understanding of how vomeronasal information is coded and processed.     

湖北钉螺交配行为的信息素传递研究

设置不同环境(裸盘、泥盘、水盘)、不同媒介(水、空气)及流动方向,分析在不同条件下湖北钉螺的觅偶、追踪、趋近、交配过程中行为活动及其影响因素,并据此探讨信息素的产生及在繁殖中的作用.实验结果表明,钉螺的觅偶、追踪、趋近行为以♂为主动,♂跟踪趋近♀与距离远近有关,越近交配成功率越高;♀爬行途径吸引♂,相反则不能;钉螺交配成功率表现为裸盘<泥盘<水盘.空气和水在♂和♀间的流向明显影响钉螺交配成功率,且水流方向影响更为显著,如,气流由♀流向♂时,水盘中由30%提高到50%,泥盘中由30%提高到40%;水流由♀流向♂时,交配成功率在水盘中由30%提高到70%,泥盘中由30%提高到80%.表明钉螺交配识别可能与信息素有关,♀螺可发放信息,♂螺可接收信息;♀螺信息素主要经水扩散和爬行轨迹留存.     

基于多信息素的蚁群算法

针对传统增强型蚁群算法容易出现早熟和停滞现象的缺陷,提出一种多信息素的蚁群算法(MPAS),并以TSPLIB的数据为例对该算法进行实验测试.MPAS算法将信息素分为局部和全局两种不同的信息素,在搜索过程中,对局部和全局信息素采用不同的更新策略和动态的路径选择概率,使得在搜索的中后期能更有效地发现全局最优解.在中大型问题上MPAS算法有着更好的发现最优解的能力.