多因子对日本囊对虾Marsupenaeus japonicus氮磷代谢的影响

 对日本囊对虾Marsupenaeus japonicus在不同条件下的无机磷、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、氨氮的代谢率进行了测定。结果表明：温度、体质量、盐度、pH值和摄食状态对其代谢存在影响。无机磷、硝酸氮、氨氮的代谢率与体质量呈负相关, 而亚硝酸氮的代谢率与体质量随体质量的上升而增大;在20~30 ℃的温度范围内,随着温度的上升,日本囊对虾磷、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、氨氮的代谢率均上升;在10‰~31‰的盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,日本囊对虾（6.739±0.023）g磷、亚硝酸氮的代谢率升高,当盐度为31‰盐度时,磷代谢率达到（0.736±0.002）μg·g^-1·h^-1,亚硝酸氮代谢率为（0.0778±0.011）μg·g^-1·h^-1,而硝酸氮、氨氮的代谢率与盐度呈负相关,当盐度为31‰时,硝酸氮的代谢率降为（0.257±0.207）μg·g^-1·h^-1,氨氮代谢率降为（4.445±0.259）μg·g^-1·h^-1;在7.5～9.0的pH值范围内,随着pH值的升高,日本囊对虾（6.749±0.013）g磷的代谢率明显下降,氨氮、硝酸氮的代谢率提高,亚硝酸氮的代谢率在pH值为8.5时达到最大值,后又呈下降趋势;日本囊对虾（6.729±0.028）g摄食配合饲料,饱食状态下磷、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、氨氮的代谢率比饥饿状态下分别提高了272.02%、91.67%、795.38%、98.54%。     

土壤水分胁迫下大麦籽粒形成期碳氮代谢及其互作效应

利用防雨棚研究了土壤水分胁迫对大麦籽粒形成期碳氮代谢生理特性的影响。结果表明：淀粉和蛋白质沉积的生理机制的明显差异是导致干旱胁迫下籽粒淀粉沉积降低、蛋白质积累增加的内在因素；同时，籽粒形成后期的碳氮代谢互作在竞争和能量方面的差异也对籽粒淀粉沉积减少、蛋白质含量增加起到了一定的作用。     

银杏雌、雄植株花芽分化后期及开花期间生理代谢的比较

【目的】研究银杏雌、雄株花芽分化后期及开花期间内含物和激素代谢的动态变化,为银杏雌、雄株的定向培育、授粉、性别鉴定提供参考。【方法】通过采集银杏雌、雄株花芽分化后期(11月25日—次年3月16日)、开花期(3月17日—4月7日)、开花后(4月8日—4月28日)3个阶段短枝果芽及开花后的叶片,测定其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、黄酮和内酯等内含物及激素含量。【结果】在花芽分化后期,银杏雄株普遍比雌株含有更多的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性也更高;而在开花期,银杏雌株比雄株含有更多的可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白,其PAL活性也更高,但此期间雄株的赤霉素(GA)和玉米素(ZT)含量远高于雌株。雌、雄植株芽期的过氧化物酶(POD)活性远高于开花期和花后期,而开花期间雌、雄株叶片都具有较高的ZT、GA、总黄酮和萜内酯水平。【结论】银杏雌、雄株在开花时间各节点的生理代谢水平出现不同步性,雄株的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总黄酮和萜内酯的高点比雌株早2周左右。较高水平的GA和ZT、总黄酮和萜内酯可能是银杏雄株开花及雌株胚珠发育所必需的。     

硅对叶螨危害后棉花防御酶活性的调控作用及其与抗虫性的关系

以棉花品种新陆早33号感染土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov ＆ Nikolski））作个案研究,阐明硅提高棉花抗螨性的生理机理。网室条件下采用微区试验设计,硅肥采用喷施和基施处理,研究不同时间棉花的虫害指数、干物质积累量和硅含量,以及与植物抗性密切相关的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PP0）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性变化。结果显示：不同施硅处理缓解了棉花叶片受叶螨危害的症状,在接种叶螨第6天硅处理降低了叶片受害指数;施硅处理提高了PPO和PAL的活性,而降低了参与清除植物体内活性氧功能的POD活性。硅能够调控棉花与抗虫有关的酚类物质代谢过程,参与植物防卫反应而增强棉花对土耳其斯坦叶螨的抗性。     

赤霉素对'大富贵'芍药休眠解除及内源激素和糖类代谢的影响

研究不同质量浓度赤霉素（GA₃，0、100、200、300、1 000 mg/L）替代低温解除芍药品种‘大富贵’休眠的效果，探讨休眠解除前后其内源激素和糖类代谢生理变化，为生产上利用GA₃解除芍药休眠及调控花期提供理论及技术支撑。     

酒精的代谢及与相关疾病的特殊剂量关系

酒精作为一种颇具争议的饮料其对于人类健康的影响逐渐成为研究热点，与相关疾病的作用关系各类研究众说纷纭，分析结果显示适量酒精的摄入会比戒酒者或者酗酒者更有助于改善相关疾病的发生发展，但由于实验对象种族、性别、人群的不同，这种剂量关系存在差异性，同时也与受试者的饮酒方式和膳食条件有一定影响．提示选择健康的饮酒方式不可盲目，应根据自身对酒精的代谢能力而选择．     

冬眠及外源维生素C对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)稚鳖能量代谢的影响

观测了冬眠前饲料中添加外源维生素C(Vc)对冬眠中华鳖稚鳖能量代谢的影响.结果发现外源Vc不能提高冬眠期间中华鳖的存活率(P=0.57).稚鳖个体在冬眠期间生长能的平均值为-0.15 kJ.d-1,该值与代谢耗能相当.鳖体蛋白、脂肪、水分和灰分质量分数w在冬眠前后无显著差异(P>0.05),外源Vc对鳖的体组成没有明显影响(P>0.05).冬眠8周后,肝脏线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)和肝脏乳酸锐氢酶(LDH)的活性显著下降(P<0.05).饲料外源Vc对肝脏线粒体蛋白含量、肝脏线粒体COX和LDH的活性均无影响(P>0.05).     

Selectivity determinants of the aldose and aldehyde reductase inhibitor-binding sites

Aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase belong to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily of enzymes whose members are responsible for a wide variety of biological functions. Aldose reductase has been identified as the first enzyme involved in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism which converts glucose into sorbitol. Glucose over-utilization through the polyol pathway has been linked to tissue-based pathologies associated with diabetes complications, which make the development of a potent aldose reductase inhibitor an obvious and attractive strategy to prevent or delay the onset and progression of the complications. Structural studies of aldose reductase and the homologous aldehyde reductase in complex with inhibitor were carried out to explain the difference in the potency of enzyme inhibition. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of previous studies to aid the development of aldose reductase inhibitors that may have less toxicity problems than the currently available ones. Received 4 December 2006; received after revision 12 February 2007; accepted 20 April 2007     

Alternative exon usage selectively determines both tissue distribution and subcellular localization of the acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 gene products

Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and coenzyme A. Recent studies have demonstrated that one gene named Acot7, reported to be mainly expressed in brain and testis, is transcribed in several different isoforms by alternative usage of first exons. Strongly decreased levels of ACOT7 activity and protein in both mitochondria and cytosol was reported in patients diagnosed with fatty acid oxidation defects, linking ACOT7 function to regulation of fatty acid oxidation in other tissues. In this study, we have identified five possible first exons in mouse Acot7 (Acot7a–e) and show that all five first exons are transcribed in a tissue-specific manner. Taken together, these data show that the Acot7 gene is expressed as multiple isoforms in a tissue-specific manner, and that expression in tissues other than brain and testis is likely to play important roles in fatty acid metabolism. Received 5 February 2007: received after revision 3 April 2007; accepted 19 April 2007     

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulatory mechanisms and inhibition in treating diabetes, heart ischemia, and cancer

The fraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in the active form is reduced by the activities of dedicated PD kinase isozymes (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3 and PDK4). Via binding to the inner lipoyl domain (L2) of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2 60mer), PDK rapidly access their E2-bound PD substrate. The E2-enhanced activity of the widely distributed PDK2 is limited by dissociation of ADP from its C-terminal catalytic domain, and this is further slowed by pyruvate binding to the N-terminal regulatory (R) domain. Via the reverse of the PDC reaction, NADH and acetyl-CoA reductively acetylate lipoyl group of L2, which binds to the R domain and stimulates PDK2 activity by speeding up ADP dissociation. Activation of PDC by synthetic PDK inhibitors binding at the pyruvate or lipoyl binding sites decreased damage during heart ischemia and lowered blood glucose in insulin-resistant animals. PDC activation also triggers apoptosis in cancer cells that selectively convert glucose to lactate. Received 25 August 2006; received after revision 20 November 2006; accepted 20 December 2006