南非斑节对虾肠道组织结构及菌群特征、代谢活性研究

为阐述南非斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)在工厂化养殖模式中肠道微生物的作用,本研究基于HE染色组织切片、高通量测序、Biolog ECO技术,探讨工厂化养殖模式中南非斑节对虾肠道组织结构形态、菌群特征及肠道微生物代谢活性。结果显示,南非斑节对虾肠道组织结构类似于凡纳滨对虾,肠壁结构薄且清晰,肠上皮细胞紧密连接,微绒毛排列整齐、致密,外层结缔组织厚,可见血窦分布。通过Operational Taxonomy Unit(OTU)数量、Chao 1、Simpson、Shannon指数呈现了南非斑节对虾肠道菌群丰富度和多样性变化,测序数据合理;肠道菌群结构中门类主要包括变形菌门Proteobacteria、浮霉菌门Planctomycetes、放线菌门Actinobacteria、疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia;目水平中含量最高的是红杆菌目Rhodobacterales,其次是浮霉菌目Planctomycetales;属水平上含量表现为unclassified鲁杰氏菌属Ruegeria玫瑰变色菌属Roseovarius等,物种热图分析呈现相同结果。通过平均吸光值(Average Well Color Development,AWCD)显示肠道微生物代谢活性总体变化趋势,24h微生物代谢活性较弱,随时间的延长,代谢活性逐渐增加,直至144h后趋于平稳。本研究分析了南非斑节对虾肠道特征,为后续研究及健康养殖提供理论依据。     

支气管哮喘患者肠道菌群多样性变化

 为了阐释支气管哮喘患者肠道菌群多样性及结构组成特征,探究肠道菌群与哮喘病的相互关系,以52例哮喘急性发作期患者及25例对照开展病例-对照研究.采集粪便样品,运用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术分析粪便菌总DNA,得到反映肠道微生物菌群结构特征的DNA指纹图谱.结果表明,哮喘个体样本的肠道菌DNA条带数量7—31条不等,平均只有17条;对照组样本个体的DNA条带数量14—36条不等,平均24条.哮喘患者肠道菌群的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著低于对照组(P＜0.0001).多变量统计分析表明,哮喘组肠道菌群结构组成显著区别于对照组,两组样本分类明显.两组内不同民族、性别间的差异无统计学意义.研究表明,哮喘患者的肠道菌群在分子水平上发生明显改变,多样性显著降低,肠道菌群结构改变与哮喘病有关;PCR-DGGE技术结合PCA、PLS-DA多变量统计分析手段具有预测性、先行性的优势,适用于菌群结构未知样品的研究.     

从人菌共生的角度探讨生物安全与传染病防控的新思路

 近年来发生的与传染病以及生物安全相关事件,如2003年严重急性呼吸系统综合征（SARS）和近期中东呼吸综合征（MERS）等,以及合成生物学技术在人造生命方面的安全风险,提示传染病防控和生物安全的现状不容乐观。如何重构、重建、重塑人类与微生物、尤其是病原微生物之间的关系,已成为重要的现实问题。结合国内外关于人体共生微生物尤其是肠道菌群与慢病相关性的研究进展,从生命起源与协同进化的角度考虑,提出需要正视微生物本身应有的生存空间与生存逻辑,辩证分析并重构人与病毒、人与菌群之间的平衡关系,从人菌共生、人菌共赢的角度出发,通过改善人体共生微生态环境,提高人体免疫力,为传染病防控和生物安全提供新思路。     

幽门螺杆菌感染对肠道菌群的影响

 为研究幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染对肠道菌群的影响,收集Hp 阴性和Hp 感染(阳性)患者的粪便标本,选择Hp 和肠道菌群中具代表性的大肠杆菌O157、乳酸杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌进行PCR 扩增。实验结果表明,Hp 阴性组中未见Hp 表达,与¹³C 呼气实验结果基本一致;Hp 阴性组中乳酸杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌表达较高,而Hp 感染组中3 者表达较少;Hp 阴性组中未检测到大肠杆菌O157。幽门螺杆菌感染可改变肠道菌群中乳酸杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌等菌落的数量。     

Effect of long acting somatostatin-analogue,SMS 201995, on gut hormone secretion in normal subjects

Summary SMS 201 995 is a new long acting analogue of somatostatin. We have investigated its effect on basal and meal stimulated secretion of gut hormones and have shown that after a single s. c. injection of 50 g it lowers significantly the basal plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, motilin, pancreatic glucagon and insulin, it also effectively suppresses the postprandial release of pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, pancreatic glucagon and insulin. Except for the usual brief discomfort of an injection, no symptoms or untoward effects were observed.     

The potential role of endogenous bacteriophages in controlling invading pathogens

Bacteriophages (phages) are omnipresent in our environment, and recent studies highlight their potential impact on the microbial world. Phages can also be present in mammalian organisms, including man (intestines, oral cavity, urine, sputum and serum). Data are available which suggest that those endogenous phages could play an important role in eliminating bacteria and regulating the body ecosystem. Furthermore, our most recent findings suggest that phages can exert immunosuppressive action in the gut, helping control local inflammatory and autoimmune reactions, and demonstrate anticancer activity. We hypothesize that phages could act in concert with the immune system in immunosurveillance against bacteria, viruses and cancer.article dedicated to Professor Ludwik Hirszfeld to commemorate the 50^th anniversary of his deathReceived 8 September 2004; received after revision 18 October 2004; accepted 21 October 2004     

Effect of dexamethasone on Fc γ receptor expression in foetal and neonatal rat gut

Summary When injected into 12-day-old suckling rats, dexamethasone caused a precocious disappearance of Fc receptors from enterocytes of the proximal small intestine. However, dexamethasone appeared to be necessary for the maintenance or production of such receptors in foetal rat gut cultured in vitro.Supported by an award from the Science and Engineering Research Council.     

双歧杆菌对慢性腹泻猕猴肠道微生物组的影响

本研究旨在结合高通量测序和平板计数实验探索含活性双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium spp)的饲料对慢性腹泻猕猴(Macaca mulatta)肠道微生物多样性及其腹泻症状的影响.通过16S rRNA高通量测序对比分析添加双歧杆菌前后饲料的菌群组成，发现添加组双歧杆菌的相对丰度显著高于未添加组(P<0.05).向慢性腹泻猕猴投喂该饲料，一个月后收集粪便进行宏基因组测序，并与前期研究获得的未添加组慢性腹泻猕猴和健康猕猴的肠道宏基因组数据对比分析，发现添加组的肠道菌群中乳杆菌(Lactobacillus spp)相对丰度较未添加组显著上调(P<0.05)，与健康组无显著差异(P>0.05).最后对饲喂双歧杆菌后好转及持续腹泻猕猴的粪便进行乳杆菌平板计数实验.发现经饲喂，猕猴肠道中乳杆菌数量增加，验证了宏基因组测序分析的结果.     

Natural diet of fish and crabs associated with the phytal community of Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, 1820 (Phaeophyta,Fucales) at Ponta das Garoupas,Bombinhas, Santa Catarina State,Brazil

The diet of fish and crabs associated with Sargassum cymosum beds was analysed at Ponta das Garoupas, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. They are reported to feed on phytal organisms. The relative importance of food items was established for these consumers, and the frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods were used for quantitative analysis. The analysis of 272 guts from 11 fish and two decapod species revealed that eight fish and one crab species had phytal organisms as important items in their diet. Amphipods and molluscs were the main phytal animals in the diet of these fish and the crab; notably Caprella scaura, Hyale media, Atylus minikoi, Tricolia affinis and Bittium varium. Commercially important fish, such as the grouper Epinephelus guaza, feed on these fish and crabs, showing that Sargassum beds constitute an important link between benthic autotrophic producers and several levels of consumers on rocky shore ecosystems at Ponta das Garoupas.     

人体肠道微生物对十溴联苯醚的代谢研究

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)是一种具有持久性有机污染物特征的溴系阻燃剂, 可在生物体代谢生成更高毒性的化合物. 本文利用从人体粪便中提取的微生物以及通过人体肠道微生态系统模拟装置培养的人体肠道微生物, 在体外条件下研究BDE209 在人体肠道微生物作用下的代谢. 结果表明在为期10 d 的反应时间里, BDE209 含量保持稳定, 在气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCNCI-MS)的色谱图中也没有检测到可能的脱溴代谢产物, 说明BDE209 没有发生显著的脱溴代谢作用.