Population biology of bryozoans: correlates of sessile,colonial life histories in freshwater habitats

Bryozoans are common, often abundant, sessile, colonial invertebrates of freshwaters. By reviewing what is known of their general ecology and considering in further detail the population biology of specific groups, we provide evidence that 1) populations are locally ephemeral and regional persistence is attained via a dynamic equilibrium between dispersal and colonization, and 2) sex may often be infrequent and a high degree of clonality obtains at both local and regional scales. On the basis of these characteristics we discuss how the group offers exceptional opportunities for investigating a number of fundamentally important ecological and evolutionary questions.The highly curious modification of the Molluscan type which the Polyzoa [=Bryozoa] present... the great beauty of their forms, and the facility with which they can in general be observed in a living state, cannot but render them special favorites for every lover of Nature; and for the more profound student must confer on them a peculiar significance, and invest their study with a scientific interest which is scarcely surpassed by that of any other group of animals.... (Allman 1856)     

旋风除尘器内锥形扩口芯管对其性能的影响分析和实验研究

用平衡粒径模型分析了旋风除尘器内常用的柱菜芯管结构存在的缺陷,提出了用带锥形扩口和十字板的芯管改进旋风除尘器的内部芯管结构,并用实验研究测得了新型结构减阻效的幅度。     

脉冲爆震发动机的推力测试与分析

对脉冲爆震发动机产生的推力进行了定量测定与分析,研究了混气余气系数、起爆频率和爆震频率对脉冲爆震发动机推力的影响规律．同时,通过推力的测定以验证发动机性能计算方法的正确性,掌握脉冲爆震发动机推力测试的方法．研究表明,推力测试值与理论计算值吻合较好．     

Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.     

结构损伤识别的模态应变能方法探讨

分析了模态应变能用于结构损伤识别的可行性，并进行了有限元和实验验证．结果表明，模态应变能对损伤较为敏感，能够反映结构的局部状态变化，可以用来检测结构损伤位置。     

非破坏振动环境对粉煤灰混凝土渗透性能的影响

从正常服役状态的角度,对粉煤灰混凝土的渗透性进行了试验研究.试验中以受压构件作为材料受力状态的模拟对象,考察了非破坏振动环境对粉煤灰混凝土渗透性能的影响规律,发现非破坏振动作用虽不引起材料宏观强度上的破坏,但将使混凝土的抗渗性能劣化,并且分析了混凝土抗渗性能劣化的原因.对比研究了不同粉煤灰掺量在非破坏振动环境中的抗渗效果,结果表明:在试验范围内,当粉煤灰掺量(粉煤灰质量/(水泥质量 粉煤灰质量))从10%增加至20%时,抗渗性能的提高比较显著,当粉煤灰掺量超过20%后,粉煤灰的增加对抗渗性能的提高作用减小;具备抗非破坏振动特性的高性能混凝土的粉煤灰掺量应该大于20%.     

复合地基中桩与桩间土应力分配实验

在实验室条件下，用碎石或灰土圆柱芯增强体与黏性土组成的复合地基单位桩模型，通过复合试样的三轴实验模拟现场碎石桩和灰土桩的工作状态，探讨桩与土的相互作用问题。实验结果表明：复合体的竖向强度不是两种材料按一定几何比例简单叠加。复合试样在荷载及应变不大时，桩土应力比增加很快，随后荷载逐渐向桩周土集中，桩土应力比减少。这种规律与现场测试的桩土应力比是一致的。实验揭示了桩土应力比变化规律及其机理。     

二元函数图形绘制及特征分析实验设计

介绍了二元函数及图形的相关数学知识和mathematica软件平台的相关知识，给出了二元函数及图形特征研究的内容与要求，完成了空间图形及交线、截面、相交面的图形的绘制及相关特征分析的实验设计。     

影响双向电泳分离效果的若干实验条件比较研究

对第一向为载体两性电解质pH梯度等电聚焦双向电泳(ISO-DALT)中若干影响分离效果的实验条件进行了研究.结果发现,琼脂糖和尿素的纯度明显影响分离效果;加丙烯酰胺或碘乙酰胺保护经二硫苏糖醇还原的样品中的巯基,可以显著减少假斑点;厚度较薄的分离胶的分离效果较好;以琼脂糖为两性电解质载体代替聚丙烯酰胺的第一向等电聚焦电泳使分子量105Da以上蛋白质得以分离.     

改革实验教学加强素质教育

高等教育改革的主题是培养高素质的具有创新能力的人才。实验教学改革是高等教育向素质教育转化的重要途径。就实验教学改革在高等教育中的特殊作用，如何突破传统的教学模式，强化素质教育意识，以及在实验教学中注重学生素质的培养等方面做了探讨和总结。