淀粉水解酶在食品工业中的应用

淀粉水解酶是指一类能催化水解淀粉酶的总称,不同使用用途及生产目的使用的淀粉水解酶的类别也不相同,本文分别介绍了淀粉水解酶中的α-淀粉酶,β-淀粉酶,异淀粉酶,葡萄糖淀粉酶的作用机理、酶性质以及在食品工业中的应用情况,为生产中淀粉水解酶的应用提供一些参考。     

Synergistic defensive mechanism of phytochelatins and antioxidative enzymes in Brassica chinensis L. against Cd stress

Brassica chinensis L. was chosen and exposed to different concentrations of Cd exposure to evaluate its Cd-accumulating capacity and its potential cellular defensive mechanisms. Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots of B. chinensis was up to 1348.3±461.8 and 3761.0±795.0 mg per killogram of dry weight, respectively, under 200 μmol/L of Cd exposure. Increasing Cd accumulation in the plant was accompanied by rapid accumulation of phytochelatins (PCs), and the sequestration of Cd by PCs provided a primary cellular mechanism for Cd detoxification and tolerance of B. chinensis. Furthermore, malondialdehyde formation, hydrogen peroxide content and antioxidative enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in the shoots of Cd-stressed B. chinensis. Increasing enzyme activities in response to concentrations of 5 to 50 μmol/L Cd showed an efficient defense against oxidative stress, suggesting that the antioxidative system was a secondary defensive mechanism. These resulted in reduced free Cd damage and enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance. Glutathione plays a pivotal role in these two detoxification pathways. In general, these results suggested that PCs and the antioxidative system are synergistic in combatting Cd-induced oxidative stress and that they play important roles in Cd detoxification of B. chinensis, and also give a deep understanding of the natural defensive mechanisms in plants under heavy metal stress.     

Tetracyclines inhibit parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in organ culture

Summary Several tetracyclines (minocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline), in levels approximating physiologic concentrations, were found to inhibit parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in organ culture; the specificity of this effect was demonstrated by comparison with other (non-tetracycline) types of antibiotics. The ability of tetracyclines to inhibit bone resorption is consistent with the recent proposal by Golub et al². that these antibiotics can inhibit mammalian collagenolytic enzymes by a mechanism unrelated to the drug's antibacterial efficacy, a property which could be therapeutically useful in diseases characterized by excessive collagen breakdown.     

轮叶黑藻腐解过程营养物质释放及微生物胞外酶活性变化规律

通过轮叶黑藻腐解模拟试验,分析了底泥和砂石2种基质条件下营养物质释放和微生物胞外酶活性变化特征。结果表明,试验结束时底泥组和砂石组的轮叶黑藻质量损失率分别为64. 62%和62. 15%。植物腐解过程释放的营养物质使得水体溶解氧含量迅速降低,TN、TP质量浓度迅速增加。试验结束时(146 d),上覆水体的水质基本恢复初始水平。水体有机质在56 d以色氨基酸类蛋白质为主,之后逐渐以类富里酸和类腐殖酸类物质为主。植物腐解过程与微生物胞外酶活性具有一定的响应关系,跟水体水质及植物本身的特性相关。纤维素酶、蔗糖酶密切相关(r=0. 70,P0. 05),且受植物TOC和水体TN的影响,过氧化氢酶与水体的DO和EC相关(P0. 05),碱性磷酸酶及脲酶则分别受TP和NH_3-N的抑制调节(P0. 05)。     

广西莪术水提物对卵形鲳鲹细胞免疫力的影响

卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)是我国重要的海水养殖鱼类,经济价值极高,但近年来各种鱼病频繁爆发造成了巨大损失。为探究广西莪术(Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang)水提物对卵形鲳鲹免疫力的影响,本文在细胞水平上,利用卵形鲳鲹肾脏组织细胞系研究广西莪术水提物的细胞毒性,以确定其细胞安全浓度。然后利用卵形鲳鲹细胞系研究广西莪术水提物对总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶等卵形鲳鲹细胞免疫相关酶的影响。结果表明,广西莪术水提物的细胞安全浓度为≤5mg/mL,广西莪术水提物对卵形鲳鲹细胞的免疫相关酶活力(总一氧化氮合酶、酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶)有明显促进作用。广西莪术有潜力发展成为一种高效的水产免疫增强剂,并且基于传统壮药积极开展绿色无药物残留的新型抗水产病害中药制剂的研究,对于促进水产养殖业持续健康发展,确保水产品质量和食品安全意义重大。     

温和气单胞菌对齐口裂腹鱼血清中抗氧化酶的影响

为探讨温和气单胞菌对齐口裂腹鱼抗氧化能力的影响,采用人工回感实验对齐口裂腹鱼注射温和气单胞菌,在6个不同时间点测定4个血清指标：总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 、总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)。结果表明：齐口裂腹鱼在感染48h后出现明显症状,与对照组相比,感染组血清T-SOD活力在感染12h后上升出现差异极显著(P<0.01),但在24h后显著下降。T-AOC在感染初期出现上升,48h呈极显著性升高,随后下降。CAT活性在感染初期明显增强,48h时出现极显著性差异(P<0.01),但72h后开始下降。XOD活性在感染24h后呈直线上升趋势。这有利于深入研究温和气单胞菌对鱼的致病机理。     

生物酶技术在荞麦和燕麦加工利用中的应用

为了促进荞麦和燕麦的高附加值利用,在分析荞麦和燕麦营养价值及功能性的基础上,总结了近年来生物酶技术在荞麦和燕麦加工利用中的应用.总体上看,在荞麦和燕麦加工中生物酶技术主要应用于食品开发、提取植物蛋白、植物多糖及功能性成分等方面.     

铜锌对铜钱草净化水中氮磷及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以铜钱草为供试植物,通过水培试验研究在铜、锌分别胁迫下,铜钱草净化水中氮磷的效果及其叶片中叶绿素、丙二醛、抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明,经过20天的培养,低浓度的铜锌（0.5、1.0mg/L的铜、锌和1.5mg/L的铜）提高了植株净化氮、磷的效果.低浓度的铜、锌处理（尤其是1.0mg/L）促使植株叶片中叶绿素总量、叶绿素а/β明显增加,且抗氧化酶活性增强导致丙二醛含量维持较低水平,说明植株叶绿体微结构完善、细胞内环境稳定,有利于植株对氮、磷的净化;与对照组相比,2.0mg/L锌处理明显降低了铜钱草对氮、磷的去除效果.主要缘于锌的胁迫通过降低叶绿素总量、叶绿素а/β值,且抑制抗氧化酶活性导致丙二醛含量明显高于其他各组（8.40μmol/gFW）,使植株内环境出现氧化胁迫、生长受损所致.研究表明,铜钱草对铜、锌具有一定的耐受力,较低浓度的铜、锌有助于其对水体中的氮、磷的去除.     

过表达OsPGIP基因对甘蓝型油菜生长发育影响

本实验旨在探究在油菜中过表达OsPGIP基因对其生长发育的影响.实验包括种子品质指标及幼苗生长状况测定,利用Nikon SMZ18荧光体式显微镜观察花器官形态,RT-PCR鉴定OsPGIP基因表达量,POD, SOD, CAT等抗氧化酶酶活测定,角果数、有效分枝数及初花天数等重要农艺性状统计.结果显示:与野生型相比,各转基因家系T_1代种子千粒重、发芽率及幼苗生长无明显缺陷,柱头及花药器官发育正常,初花天数缩短约8天.本文研究发现过表达PGIP基因能够显著缩短油菜的初花天数,但对其正常生长、结实无明显影响.