以人为中心的综合集成研讨厅体系——人工社会(二)

人机结合的综合集成研讨厅体系，将专家体系、机器体系和数据体系有机结合起来组成智能系统，该方法的成效依赖于系统的整体优势和综合优势。本文从人机结合以人为主的智能系统角度，研究人机结合综合集成研讨厅体系的具体化理论及其模型。主要工作在以下方面：1）首次提出处理复杂问题的人机结合的综合集成研讨厅体系，是研究将社会科学、自然科学所研究的现实复杂问题的自然法则和社会规律联系在一起的方法手段，并且人工设计再现。2）从智能系统角度．综合集成研讨厅体系，以[人，网络计算机]为基元，通过以复杂问题为牵引的交互和组织，形成了开放的人工社会，是以求解复杂问题为目的，以人为中心计算的组织空间。进一步，文章讨论了基于agent的人机结合综合集成厅人工社会的设计重点，包括以人为主的社会基元，知识生产和智慧涌现，以人为中心的数据制成体系，有效交互和组织，以及面向组织的多智慧体社会逻辑设计。本篇文章侧重于工作的第二部分，从智能系统的角度设计综合集成研讨厅人工社会。     

基于竞争互动的实物期权均衡执行战略研究

运用期权博弈方法,研究了成本不对称双头垄断企业战略投资决策问题.首先给出企业价值函数和投资临界值的显性表达式;分别针对正和负的外部性,对两企业实物期权均衡执行战略进行了深入研究,给出了均衡存在形式及其条件,以及各均衡最优投资策略规则;并探讨了不确定对投资临界值,以及不确定、先动优势及后动优势对均衡形成和企业投资时间间隔的影响;最后,通过数值释例给出了几个最优投资策略的精练纳什均衡解.     

Some cellular and molecular properties of abscisic acid: its particular involvement in growing plant roots

Several characteristics of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) are critically discussed, more or less directly, in relation to the extension of root cells. A few topics have been selected some biochemical characteristics of ABA (chemical structure, metabolism), inhibiting-β complex, inhibiting regulators from root caps, endogenous ABA in growing roots (ABA gradients, microsurgical experiments, light effects), applied ABA on elongating roots, ABA and indol-3yl acetic acid (IAA) interactions (root growth, proton extrusion, hormone transport, auxin herbicides), ABA effect on the root cell cycle, ABA and drought cells of elongating roots [water deficit conditions, IAA and jasmonic acid (JA) as ‘stress hormones’ other than ABA, gene expression]. Received 28 January 1998; received after revision 20 April 1998; accepted 21 April 1998     

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: Genetic and cellular pathogenesis

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and the allelic spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2) arise from mutations in the X-linked gene encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). Analysis of mutations affecting PLP, the major protein in central nervous system myelin, has revealed previously unsuspected roles for myelinating glia in maintaining the integrity of the nervous system. The disease spectrum for PMD and SPG2 is extraordinarily broad and can be best understood by accounting not only for the wide range of mutations that can occur but also for the effects of PLP1 mutations on both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes in myelinating cells. Appreciating the wide range of genetic and cellular effects of PLP1 mutations is important for patient and family counseling, understanding disease pathogenesis, and, ultimately, for developing future disease-specific therapies. Received 24 April 2006; received after revision 3 July 2006; accepted 9 October 2006     

礼貌原则与英语课堂沉默策略

语言学习者的积极课堂参与对语言习得的作用是非常巨大的。但是为什么很多中国大学生很难参与到课堂交流当中去呢？本文旨在从Brown和Levinson的礼貌原则探讨中国大学生不积极参与课堂交流的现象,试图分析沉默现象与学生所采用的礼貌策略之间的内在联系。     

世界砂岩型铀矿特征、产铀盆地模式及其演化

目的阐明世界主要国家砂岩型铀矿的分布、基本地质特征及产铀盆地模式。方法总结国内外相关文献并与目前实际研究成果相结合。结果研究总结得出了世界主要国家砂岩型铀矿的地质特征、主要的产铀盆地模式及其演化。结论世界主要国家砂岩型铀矿可基本分为6种产铀盆地模式,并呈有机-无机地质成矿作用相互演化的关系。     

Membrane protein folding on the example of outer membrane protein A of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

The biophysical principles and mechanisms by which membrane proteins insert and fold into a biomembrane have mostly been studied with bacteriorhodopsin and outer membrane protein A (OmpA). This review describes the assembly process of the monomeric outer membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria, for which OmpA has served as an example. OmpA is a two-domain outer membrane protein composed of a 171-residue eight-stranded -barrel transmembrane domain and a 154-residue periplasmic domain. OmpA is translocated in an unstructured form across the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasm. In the periplasm, unfolded OmpA is kept in solution in complex with the molecular chaperone Skp. After binding of periplasmic lipopolysaccharide, OmpA insertion and folding occur spontaneously upon interaction of the complex with the phospholipid bilayer. Insertion and folding of the -barrel transmembrane domain into the lipid bilayer are highly synchronized, i.e. the formation of large amounts of -sheet secondary structure and -barrel tertiary structure take place in parallel with the same rate constants, while OmpA inserts into the hydrophobic core of the membrane. In vitro, OmpA can successfully fold into a range of model membranes of very different phospholipid compositions, i.e. into bilayers of lipids of different headgroup structures and hydrophobic chain lengths. Three membrane-bound folding intermediates of OmpA were discovered in folding studies with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Their formation was monitored by time-resolved distance determinations by fluorescence quenching, and they were structurally distinguished by the relative positions of the five tryptophan residues of OmpA in projection to the membrane normal. Recent studies indicate a chaperone-assisted, highly synchronized mechanism of secondary and tertiary structure formation upon membrane insertion of -barrel membrane proteins such as OmpA that involves at least three structurally distinct folding intermediates.     

The diet and gut microflora influence the distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the rat intestine

Several functions of the gut are locally influenced by peptides and biogenic amines released from enteroendocrine cells. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the luminal stimulus of diet or microbial flora or diet-microbial interactions have an influence on the distribution of enteroendocrine cells along the crypt-surface axes of the small and large intestine. The effects of diet and indigenous flora were investigated by comparing the numbers of argyrophil and serotonin immunoreactive cells in the jejunum and colon of germ free and conventional rats fed either a purified diet containing fine ingredients or a commercial diet containing crude fibre of cereal origin. The effects of human flora were analysed in germ-free rats inoculated with human faecal organisms. 1. Feeding the commercial diet reduced the number of argyrophil endocrine cells in the jejunum and serotonin immunoreactive cells in the colon of gern-free animals but increased the serotonin immunoreactive cells in the colon of conventional animals. 2. The rat flora increased the serotonin immunoreactive cells in the colon of animals fed a commercial diet and decreased in those fed a purified diet. 3. Inculation of human flora increased the numbers of serotonin immunoreactive cells both in the jejunum and colon. The results provide evidence that the dietary changes and diet-microbial interactions can affect the regional number of enteroendocrine cells.     

Review¶Psychrophilic enzymes: molecular basis of cold adaptation

Psychrophilic organisms have successfully colonized polar and alpine regions and are able to grow efficiently at sub-zero temperatures. At the enzymatic level, such organisms have to cope with the reduction of chemical reaction rates induced by low temperatures in order to maintain adequate metabolic fluxes. Thermal compensation in cold-adapted enzymes is reached through improved turnover number and catalytic efficiency. This optimization of the catalytic parameters can originate from a highly flexible structure which provides enhanced abilities to undergo conformational changes during catalysis. Thermal instability of cold-adapted enzymes is therefore regarded as a consequence of their conformational flexibility. A survey of the psychrophilic enzymes studied so far reveals only minor alterations of the primary structure when compared to mesophilic or thermophilic homologues. However, all known structural factors and weak interactions involved in protein stability are either reduced in number or modified in order to increase their flexibility.     

土-箱形基础-结构动力相互作用的模态试验分析

进行了野外大比例(1：2)土-箱形基础-框架结构动力相互作用模型的试验研究．在假定环境激励是有限带宽白噪声的前提下,用NEXT法测试并分析了该7层框架结构模型脉动响应信号及其动力特性．借助在Matlab环境下编制的程序计算各点响应的功率谱,得到了模型前5阶自振频率．通过现场实测值与底部固结假定下结构三维有限元计算理论值的比较发现,考虑土-结构动力相互作用(SSI)时的自振频率比不考虑土-结构动力相互作用时结柏第一阶自振频率最大降低8．5％．