文蛤蛋白水解制备抗氧化活性肽的研究

以文蛤蛋白为原料,通过蛋白酶水解制备抗氧化活性肽.利用体外清除DPPH活性评价酶解产物的抗氧化活性,采用超滤、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析和HPLC对相应的活性肽进行分离纯化,通过HPLC-MS进行结构鉴定.结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶水解产物的DPPH清除活性明显高于碱性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶,产物质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1时,DPPH清除率为55.74%;以DPPH清除率为筛选指标,对木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物进行逐级分离,得到4个具有抗氧化活性的目的肽段,氨基酸序列分别为LNFNLEKSR(1120.3 u)、SWLRPR(814.4 u)、RIGNIISQY(1063.3 u)和LNFNLEK(877.2 u).     

Effects of enterally- and parenterally-administered bombesin on intestinal luminal tryptic activity and protein in the suckling rat

Summary Because of the presence of bombesin-like immunoreactivity in milk we investigated if enteral administration of bombesin affects the intestinal luminal content of trypsin and protein in 12-14-day-old rats. Bombesin (40 g/kg), given either orogastrically or subcutaneously, produced a significant elevation in the intestinal content of trypsin activity. Thus, enterally-administered bombesin can produce acute biologic effects in suckling rats.     

Synthesis ofO 1.5-(β-D-galactopyranosyl) [DMet2, Hyp5] enkephalin amide,a new highly potent analgesic enkephalin-related glycosyl peptide

Summary A new series of O-glycosyl enkephalins has been prepared, following a convergent strategy, with high chemical yields. The galactosyl analogue,O ^1.5-(-D-galactopyranosyl) [DMet², Hyp⁵] enkephalin amide proved to be one of the most potent in vivo opioid agonists synthesized up to now.     

Control of the cardiovascular system ofAplysia by identified neurons

The neural network that controls the cardiovascular system ofAplysia adapts cardiovascular function to a variety of different physiological and behavioral situations. It (1) coordinates the cardiovascular system with the renal and respiratory systems; (2) modifies both systemic and regional blood flow during food-elicited arousal and feeding; and (3) changes the tension of longitudinal vascular muscle to adapt the arterial tree to changes in body shape. Indirect evidence suggests that the cardiovascular control circuit may also play a role in maintaining homeostasis during egg laying. Several putative neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, serotonin, R151 and R152 peptides, have been localized to identified neurons in this circuit.     

Alzheimer's disease: fundamental and therapeutic aspects

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of progressive and debilitating dementia affecting aged people. In some early — as well as late-onset familial cases, a genetic linkage with chromosomes 14, 21 (early-onset) or 19 (late-onset) has been indicated. Furthermore, a direct or indirect role has been attributed to normal or structurally altered amyloid -protein (concentrated in senile plaques) and/or excessively phosphorylated tau protein (located in neurofibrillary tangles). Degeneration of cholinergic neurons and concomitant impairment of cortical and hippocampal neurotransmission lead to cognitive and memory deficits. Several compounds are being tested in attempts to prevent and/or cure Alzheimer's disease, including tacrine, which has very modest efficacy in a sub-group of patients, and new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Pilot experiments have also been launched using nerve growth factor (NGF) to prevent or stabilize the processes of cholinergic pathway degeneration. Alternatively, antioxidants, free radical scavengers and/or non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may be screened as potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases induced by multiple endogenous and/or exogenous factors. The recent use of transgenic mice, in parallel with other genetic, biochemical and neurobiological systems, in vivo and/or in vitro (cell cultures), should accelerate the discovery and development of specific drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.     

Regulatory peptide immunocytochemistry at light- and electron microscopical levels

Summary Immunocytochemical techniques applied at both light- and electron microscopical levels are valuable in the study of regulatory peptide distribution in normal and diseased tissue, whether in the form of sections or whole cell preparations. Successful immunolocalisation depends on 1) adequate preservation of the peptide antigen and the tissue structure in which it resides; 2) a suitably specific and sensitive labelled antibody detecting system. In general, peptides are stable molecules, most of which retain their antigenicity after conventional cross-linking fixation and tissue processing, allowing standard immunocytochemical methods to be used for light- and electron microscopy. Regulatory peptides are derived from precursor molecules and several families of structurally similar peptides are now generally recognised. Region-specific antibodies may be needed to overcome problems of cross-reactivity or to identify a bioactive form in the presence of its precursor. Multiple co-localisation of different related and unrelated peptides in the same cell or even storage granule is now recognised and can be identified by immunocytochemistry.     

Cephalopod myocardial receptors: Pharmacological studies on the isolated heart ofSepia officinalis (L.)

Summary This paper presents a synopsis of the information available about the pharmacological action of various substances on the cephalopod heart, with special emphasis on the central heart ofSepia officinalis. Threshold concentrations, EC₅₀ values and maximum effective concentrations have been experimentally determined. Studies with various transmitter substances, analogous compounds and antagonists have led to the following picture: Acetylcholine is the natural inhibitory transmitter substance; it acts via receptors with nicotinic properties which can be blocked by d-tubocurarine and -bungarotoxin. The probable excitatory transmitter system is represented by a noradrenergic innervation. Noradrenaline has a positive inotropic and a positive chronotropic action on in vitro heart preparations. A positive inotropic response can also be evoked by serotonin (5-HT); this effect is not due to stimulation of the catecholamine receptor, as is shown by cross-over experiments with specific blocking agents. Furthermore, a peptidergic receptor system has been described which reacts with the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRF amide most effectively. It is assumed that cardioactive peptides may reach the central heart in the circulating blood; the sites of synthesis and release are still unknown. Possibly the NSV-layer of the vena cava is involved in hormonal cardiovascular regulation processes.     

小分子蛋白酶抑制剂及多肽毒素的研究回顾

对以往小分子蛋白酶抑制剂及多肽毒素的研究成果作一历史性回顾, 重点介绍了Bowman-Birk家族的绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂, 对此抑制剂的Lys活性功能区作了解析. 它是双头抑制剂, 有两个功能区, 用蛋白与基因测序、基因表达、突变、肽段合成等手段证实, 其核心结构是一个由两个相连九元环组成的16肽, 与天然14环肽的向日葵抑制剂极类似. 另一深入研究的抑制剂是27肽的天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂, 属于南瓜族, 介绍了该家族的基因序列. 多肽毒素的研究包括蝎毒毒素及芋螺毒素. 本文介绍了多种东亚马氏钳蝎新的钾通道毒素, 有的是钙离子依赖的BK或SK钾通道毒素, 有的是电压门控毒素, 有的具有两个不同的功能区, 阐明了它们的构效关系. 表达的重组蝎氯毒素有望用于恶性胶质瘤的治疗. 芋螺毒素分子量小、序列多变、功能广泛, 有更好的应用前景. 从中国南海16种芋螺中纯化了50个结构新的芋螺毒素, 克隆了134个新基因; 确定了3个新超家族, 命名为V, Y, K超家族; 研究发现, 在某些芋螺毒素一级结构中有新的二硫键骨架和二硫键配对、独特的模板(motif)、氨基酸的D型化等; 分析了A超家族的基因组结构, 在内含子的3′端有一非常保守的序列, 可用作引物克隆更多新的芋螺毒素基因; 阐明了个别芋螺毒素的生理功能.     

方格星虫生物活性成分的研究进展

方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)是重要的经济类底栖动物,具有重要的食用和药用价值,它含有多种生物活性成分,如多糖、多肽及蛋白质等,具有增加免疫、延缓衰老、抗疲劳等生理功能。本文对方格星虫中生物活性成分的提取分离、纯化、结构分析及药理作用等进行综述,为方格星虫资源的深入研究和开发提供借鉴。     

抗菌肽研究现状及其在食品安全中的应用前景

针对微生物污染引起的食品安全与耐药菌株引起的环境安全等问题,广谱、高效的新型天然食品防腐剂的开发应用已成为现代食品安全的重要研究趋势。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)由于其抑菌谱广、稳定性好,抑菌机制独特、不易残留等优势而备受关注。随着研究的不断深入,AMPs将有望在食品安全的应用中发挥关键性作用。有鉴于此,对近年来国内外抗菌肽(AMPs)的相关研究进行了总结,综述了AMPs资源挖掘、分类情况以及细菌、真菌、寄生虫、病毒、肿瘤细胞的生物抗性、作用机制的研究进展；同时,对AMPs在食品安全中的潜在应用方向、亟待解决的科学问题进行了分析,并提供相应的解决策略,供本领域的研究者参考。