Methodological foundations of systems methodologies

In social systems science generally, and in management science particularly, recent developments in the variety of types of specific problem-solving methodologies (under the rubric of hard and soft systems approaches) have given an impetus to a line of inquiry, as well as debate on the nature of those methodologies. On the one hand, there has been the view that what we are witnessing is a form of Kuhnian crisis. On the other hand, a complementarist view of developments has been argued and a contingency approach proposed. But one thing has been common among the competing views: a belief that the prospects for further advances in the design and application of those methodologies, and in resolving the current controversies, lie in serious attempts to reconsider and clarify the underlying metatheoretical assumptions and concerns. This paper is an attempt to contribute to such an endeavor. A brief exposition of three methodological foundations (namely, empiricism, hermeneutics, and critique) is made, not only with the purpose of highlighting the nature as well as the limits of their epistemological and ethical claims, but also as a basis for illuminating both the nature of contemporary work on systems inquiry, design, and problem solving and the ongoing debate on what constitutes appropriate criteria for choice of specific methodologies.     

Misuses of biology in the context of the paranormal

Summary Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation science is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own scientific myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation science model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.     

2022年中国重大科学、技术和工程进展

本着分门别类、本刊推荐、专家遴选、宁缺毋滥、叙述事实的原则,从国内外著名科技期刊和科技新闻媒体所报道的中国科技成果中,按科学、技术、工程3个类别,由《科技导报》编辑部遴选、推荐候选条目,经《科技导报》编委、审稿人等专家通信评选,推选出2022年中国重大科学、技术和工程进展30项。（1）2022年中国重大科学进展10项：探测到重复快速射电暴密近环境的动态演化;解析新冠病毒突变株奥密克戎免疫逃逸的分子机制;发现黏附类GPCR识别和激活新机制;实现世界纪录效率的全钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池制备新途径;测定超高热导率半导体砷化硼载流子迁移率;发现促使胆固醇排出体外的降脂新方法;揭示火星乌托邦平原浅表精细结构和物性特征;发现志留纪化石库为解答有颌脊椎动物起源提供确凿证据;实现光催化剂光生电荷转移过程的全时空成像;开创海水原位电解制氢新原理与新方法。（2）2022年中国重大技术进展10项：在高温超导体中诱导出奇异金属态;实现超快激光三维极端制造重大突破;实现三原子分子的量子相干合成;建立蛋白质从头设计新方法;制备出亚1 nm栅极长度的晶体管;发现并编辑KRN2基因可同时提高水稻玉米产量;提出全新诱导人多...     

蛋白质组学技术在动物科学中的研究进展

蛋白质组学在后基因组时代以其独特的角度和重要的作用已成为生命科学领域研究的热点内容。动物科学作为生命科学的一个重要分支,其相关研究对人类的生活有着重要意义。为了系统地了解和展望蛋白质组学技术在动物科学中的研究进展,综述了蛋白质组学的概念及其相关技术,归纳和评析了近年来蛋白质组学在动物繁殖、营养、遗传育种和疾病防治方面的研究现状。     

Population biology of bryozoans: correlates of sessile,colonial life histories in freshwater habitats

Bryozoans are common, often abundant, sessile, colonial invertebrates of freshwaters. By reviewing what is known of their general ecology and considering in further detail the population biology of specific groups, we provide evidence that 1) populations are locally ephemeral and regional persistence is attained via a dynamic equilibrium between dispersal and colonization, and 2) sex may often be infrequent and a high degree of clonality obtains at both local and regional scales. On the basis of these characteristics we discuss how the group offers exceptional opportunities for investigating a number of fundamentally important ecological and evolutionary questions.The highly curious modification of the Molluscan type which the Polyzoa [=Bryozoa] present... the great beauty of their forms, and the facility with which they can in general be observed in a living state, cannot but render them special favorites for every lover of Nature; and for the more profound student must confer on them a peculiar significance, and invest their study with a scientific interest which is scarcely surpassed by that of any other group of animals.... (Allman 1856)     

关于贵州的信息化问题

阐述了目前国内外信息化的发展状况及其对人类社会的影响,对贵州省的信息化建设问题提出了若干对策与建议。     

科技进步统计监测软件系统的设计与实现

河北省科技进步统计监测软件系统以科技进步统计监测评价需求为指导,进行了合理的总体结构设计、系统功能设计、数据库设计、输入输出设计、存储设计,并在河北省大中型工业企业的科技进步统计监测评价中得到了应用。     

谈我区海洋科技成果管理与转化的关系

探讨海洋科技成果管理与转化之间的关系,建议建立起一种跨行业跨部门的管理体系,多方位促进成果应用,加快科技兴海计划实施步伐．     

Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.