Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding interleukin‐6 of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

In the present study, the cloning and sequence analysis of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) from the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) were described. Sequencing revealed that IL‐6 complementary DNA contains a 636 base‐pair open reading frame encoding 211 amino acids. Homology analyses indicated that the identity levels of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of IL‐6 between the giant panda and other species in Carnivora ranged from 90.5% to 85.6% and from 82.9% to 76.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the harbour seal shared a closer relationship with the giant panda than other carnivores (ursids not included). The functionally important domains and sites that have previously been recognized in other carnivores were all observed in the IL‐6 sequence of the giant panda. These findings suggest that the complementary DNA fragment cloned is indeed the IL‐6 molecule with biological activity and can be used in immunological studies of the giant panda.     

Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, 1942) and Chordodes straviarskii Carvalho and Feio, 1950, and re‐interpretation of Chordodes gestri Camerano, 1904 and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, 1898) (Gordiida,Nematomorpha)

The Gordiida species Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, ) and C. staviarskii Carvalho and Feio, are re‐described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chordodes moraisi is characterized by four areole types, two of which correspond to tubercle areoles, the crown areoles appear as single structures and occur on both sides along the ventral midline. Chordodes staviarskii is characterized by a polymorphism of crowned areoles which appear as two types with distinct distribution patterns. Two species, Chordodes gestri Camerano, and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, ), are synonymized with Neochordodes occidentalis (Montgomery, 1898) and Chordodes peraccae (Camerano, 1894).     

Microhabitat diversity of Svalbard Bryozoa

Bryozoans are one of the major macrofaunal groups of the high polar regions. Here we present data on the nature of bryozoan assemblages in the Svalbard Archipelago sampled over 6 years between 1997 and 2002. Samples were collected with use of Van Veen grab, dredge and Scuba diving at depths ranging from 0 to 268?m. Among examined material (5026 items) bryozoans were present on one type of abiotic (stones) and 40 types of biotic substrata. The biotic substrata we investigated included algae (12 taxa) and invertebrates (28 taxa: Hydrozoa, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Ascidiacea, other Bryozoa). Both a priori ANOSIM (Global R?=?0.512, P?=?0.001) and cluster analyses reveal differences between the assemblages on different types of substrata. Cluster analyses distinguish two distinct groups of substrata. The first (stable) included stones, molluscs and Balanus balanus whilst the second (flexible) consisted of algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans. Bryozoan assemblages which colonized different substrata, varied in terms of species composition and their dominance. Bryozoan species were categorized as generalists, low‐specificity epibiotic species or locally abundant background species. No species were found to be substratum‐specific to any type. Among substrata with the richest bryozoan fauna were stones (156 taxa), Chlamys islandica (68) and Balanus balanus (62). There were clear patterns in the distribution of substrata colonized by bryozoans within the fjord system: those shallow near the mouth were rich whilst those in deeper water were depauperate. We consider environmental gradients such as siltation and processes related to depth to be responsible for such patterns.     

论钱谦益对东林学与狂禅的学术观照

万历以后,虽然王学取得了与程朱学分庭抗礼的合法地位,但却日显空疏之弊。东林学派乘间而起,反对俗学,力图纠弊,使学术归于程朱正统。拥有东林党魁和文坛领袖双重身份的钱谦益学术上兼宗东林学派顾宪成和狂禅派管志道,既在反俗学的立场上与东林学派保持一致,又在对狂禅的认识上突破东林学派的局限,显示了开放的学术态度。     

基于语言信息的档案网站绩效评估模型研究

研究基于语言信息的档案网站绩效评估问题.首先引入语言变量的运算法则,给出语言变量间距离的概念.针对属性权重完全未知的情形,利用待评档案网站的综合属性值之间的相离度和属性权系数的随机性,给出一种语言变量多属性决策方法.该方法利用优化方法建立数学模型,以待评档案网站的综合属性值之间的相离度和权系数信息熵最大化为优化目标,用拉格朗日乘子法给出模型的最优解,得到属性的权系数.该方法能够结合决策者的主观意志和客观事实,精确确定各属性的权系数.然后利用语言加权算术平均（LWAA）算子,对语言决策信息进行加权集成,继而对档案网站进行排序和择优.最后进行实例分析.     

《林兰香》主旨新探——世情小说雅俗系列研究之十一

《林兰香》有着三重意蕴,最表层是燕梦卿的个人悲剧,中间层是屈原的儒家精神,最里层则是尘梦苏醒之后的道家追求,所以作品虽有大量的儒家叙事,但其根本的意旨却是道家思想,具体表现为耿朗的由儒及道、燕梦卿的临终悟道、田春畹的儒道兼备以及宣爱娘、平彩云的道家本色等。《林兰香》虽过于文人化,而在雅俗结合上差强人意,但它依然是出色的明清世情小说之一。     

东林学术与王学的斗法——明代中后期东林学派崛起之实

明代中后期,程朱之学受挫于王学之盛,造成了学风空虚的流弊。以顾宪成为首的东林学人源出于王学,而反之于王学,以“格物”辩“无善无恶”,成之于实学,造就了儒学内部王与朱共天下的格局,为东林学派登上历史舞台提供了思想上的准备。     

独立与叛逆——简·爱与林黛玉之比较

身世相近命运迥异的人物———简·爱和林黛玉 ,她们从小父母双亡 ,都住在舅父家过着寄人篱下的生活 ,相似的身世造就了她们独立与叛逆的性格 ,但这一品格并未给她们带来相同的命运结局。