一个乡村的亲属关系结构图景——对许烺光《祖荫下》的解读

许烺光的《祖荫下——中国乡村的亲属、人格与社会流动》是一部结构严谨,内容丰富,具有传统人类学特色的作品。此书作为中国本土研究享有盛誉的著作,在国外人类学界引起颇多关注,而在国内所获得的重视程度远不能与其学术价值相称。本文基于《祖荫下》的写作背景,就此书进行深度解读,通过分析西镇的阳宅、阴宅等静态性的建筑形式,并结合西镇人动态的生活实践,从而呈现一副动静结合的西镇亲属关系结构形态图。     

一种求取混流水轮机小开度特性的新方法

根据水轮机的基本理论,导出了混流式水轮机流量特性和力特性的表达式.在此基础上,以HL160水轮机为例,详细给出了根据水轮机的基本理论,采用数据拟合和人工神经网络方法,确定流量特性和力特性表达式中各种参数的方法.按照本文给出的方法,可以利用水轮机高效率区域特性和飞逸特性,求取水轮机的小开度特性,为采用数值分析方法分析水轮机的过渡过程提供了较为准确的边界条件.     

三维湍流流动计算在混流式转轮水力设计中的应用

根据实际工程的需要,对需在某具体水力参数下工作的水轮机转轮通过CFD的手段进行了转轮水力模型的设计与开发.设计过程中,基于RANS方程,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和有限体积法,对转轮内部的流动状态在某具体水力参数(含特征工况点)下,进行了全三维粘性流动的数值模拟;依据各工况下的模拟结果和分析其流态与流场分布情况的基础上,对初始设计出的模型转轮的翼型和叶片几何形状、尺寸做了进一步修正、改进;经性能预估验证,得到了水力性能良好的新的混流式转轮水力模型.文中采用结构和非结构化网格相结合的划分方法,不仅可行,而且还提高了网格质量和计算精度;用叶片正背面压力差表示叶片上压力分布的变化规律,可以更清晰地反映出叶片的作功情况.     

Francis Galton’s regression towards mediocrity and the stability of types

A prevalent narrative locates the discovery of the statistical phenomenon of regression to the mean in the work of Francis Galton. It is claimed that after 1885, Galton came to explain the fact that offspring deviated less from the mean value of the population than their parents did as a population-level statistical phenomenon and not as the result of the processes of inheritance. Arguing against this claim, we show that Galton did not explain regression towards mediocrity statistically, and did not give up on his ideas regarding an inheritance process that caused offspring to revert to the mean. While the common narrative focuses almost exclusively on Galton’s statistics, our arguments emphasize the anthropological and biological questions that Galton addressed. Galton used regression towards mediocrity to support the claim that some biological types were more stable than others and hence were resistant to evolutionary change. This view had implications concerning both natural selection and eugenics. The statistical explanation attributed to Galton appeared later, during the biometrician-mutationist debate in the early 1900s. It was in the context of this debate and specifically by the biometricians, that the development of the statistical explanation was originally attributed to Galton.     

混流式水轮机进动过程中转轮上冠转动流体力矩研究

通过模型实验和基于整体流动模型的数值模拟研究了混流式水轮机进动过程中作用在转轮上冠的转动流体力矩的基本特性.模型实验中的转轮用一个圆盘来模拟,其上冠与后顶盖之间形成一个很小的轴向间隙.内向流由外部水泵供给.检验分析了间隙内泄漏流速、径向间隙进口处的预旋速度和轴向间隙宽度对流体力矩的影响.研究结果表明,进动流体力矩在很小的正向进动角速率比区间内对转轮的进动具有自激效应,并且进口处预旋速度对自激区间的影响显著.通过对转轮进动过程中流体所产生的转动力矩在转轮旋转和不旋转两种情况下的比较,得出了法向流体力矩在转轮只有进动没有旋转的情况下对转轮的进动没有自激效应.法向流体力矩对进动所产生的自激效应是由转轮转动所形成的漩涡流引起的.     

小球堆积模型的研究

以小球垒成的几何模型为基础,阐述了其中的组合数列规律及几何关系.由于其与杨辉三角的相似性和延伸性,提出了一些新的理论,进行了受力情况分析并绘制了二维正态分布图.     

运用AutoCAD和Excel辅助水轮机的水力设计

利用AutoCAD和Excel软件探讨实现水轮机水力设计的技术方法.传统的工程设计方法存在着重复的数据计算与绘图,工作量大、效率低,精度差和周期长的缺陷,若采用先进的设计方法,其性能还有进一步提升的空间.利用AutoCAD和Excel软件可以实现混流式转轮轴面流道、轴面流线和轴面截线的绘制,以及蜗壳的辅助水力设计等.该方法可以提高设计精度和水力模型的性能,缩短水力模型的开发时间,降低成本与设计人员的劳动强度.     

Dynamic Stresses in a Francis Turbine Runner Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis

Fatigue and cracks have occurred in many large hydraulic turbines after they were put into production. The cracks are thought to be due to dynamic stresses in the runner caused by hydraulic forces. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulations that included the spiral case, stay vane, guide vane, runner vane, and draft tube were run at various operating points to analyze the pressure distribution on the runner surface and the stress characteristics in the runner due to the fluid-structure interactions （FSI）. The dynamic stresses in the Francis turbine runner at the most dangerous operating point were then analyzed. The results show that the dynamic stresses caused by the hydraulic forces during off-design operating points are one of the main reasons for the fatigue and cracks in the runner blade. The results can be used to optimize the runner and to analyze other critical components in the hydraulic turbine.     

岩滩水电站机组主要参数的选择及水轮机模型验收试验

岩滩水电站装机４台，装机容量１２１０ＭＷ．水轮机为混流式。额定水头５９．４ｍ，转轮直径Ｄ１为８ｍ，是我国目前尺寸最大的混流式水轮机。岩滩水电站水轮机性能采用模型验收试验方式验收．其全模拟模型最高效率达到９２％。     

The early history of chance in evolution

Work throughout the history and philosophy of biology frequently employs ‘chance’, ‘unpredictability’, ‘probability’, and many similar terms. One common way of understanding how these concepts were introduced in evolution focuses on two central issues: the first use of statistical methods in evolution (Galton), and the first use of the concept of “objective chance” in evolution (Wright). I argue that while this approach has merit, it fails to fully capture interesting philosophical reflections on the role of chance expounded by two of Galton's students, Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon. Considering a question more familiar from contemporary philosophy of biology—the relationship between our statistical theories of evolution and the processes in the world those theories describe—is, I claim, a more fruitful way to approach both these two historical actors and the broader development of chance in evolution.