病原菌的群体感应及其抑制剂的研究进展

随着病原菌耐药性特别是多重耐药性的日益严重,抗菌药作用新靶点的发现和新型抗菌药物的研发显得尤为重要.病原菌的致病作用常受到与其群体密度相关的群体感应(quorum-sensing,QS)系统的调控.细菌通过释放和交换自诱导信号分子(autoinducers,AIs)以调控致病相关基因的表达,从而影响细菌的毒力、黏附和生物膜的形成等.不同种类的AIs介导不同的QS系统,阻止AIs的积累或其与受体的识别和结合就可以抑制QS调控的致病基因的表达.因此,QS抑制剂(quorum-sensing inhibitors,QSIs)有望成为控制病原菌感染和耐药性产生的有效武器.迄今发现的QSIs有非肽类小分子化合物、肽类化合物和蛋白质(包括淬灭QS的酶和抗体).此外,一些竞争性的细菌或动物也可以清除AIs从而起到QSIs的作用.QSIs可以通过天然的QSIs指示菌株、人工构建的工程菌或者计算机模拟等方法进行筛选.对QS介导的病原菌致病机理的不断深入研究将为新型的QSI靶标的选择提供帮助,通过将QSIs和传统抗菌药物联合使用有望达到更好的治疗效果并预防细菌耐药性的产生.     

深水钻井液高效水合物抑制剂研究

通过分子结构优化,研制出海洋深水钻井新型水合物动力学抑制剂SDH。利用自行研制的天然气水合物抑制性能评价实验装置模拟超深水海底低温/高压环境,进行水合物抑制性评价实验。结合压力-温度曲线和温度、压力随时间的变化情况,分析SDH作用下水合物生成的动力学过程,探讨其作用机制。考察低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配使用效果。研究表明:在SDH作用下,可将水合物生成过程划分为水合物成核、水合物缓慢生长和大量生成3个阶段; SDH可吸附在水合物表面,通过空间位阻作用有效抑制水合物的生长,其最优加量为1.0％;低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配具有很好的协同作用,在模拟3km水深条件下(2℃,30MPa),1.0％SDH与10％NaCl复配使用可保证钻井液搅拌12h无水合物生成,满足超深水钻井需要,同时可降低成本。     

非对称两流中间包内流体流动的对称化

采用数值模拟和水模型实验相结合的方法研究了不同控流方案下非对称两流中间包内流体流动行为,并将优化方案进行了工业实验.实验结果表明:采用经典组合方法计算各流的死区时,出现负死区现象,因此采用平均停留时间作为评价参数;原方案中靠近长水口侧出口的平均停留时间为194s,水口两流之间的平均停留时间之差为97s,两流之间钢液温度差为5℃.利用非对称长方形湍流控制器可以实现钢液在湍流控制器出口处流量的非对称分布.采用非对称长方形湍流控制器和多孔挡墙后,近长水口侧出口的平均停留时间为211s,水口两流之间的平均停留时间之差为34s,两流之间钢液温度差为3℃.     

盐水完井液缓蚀剂的合成及性能评价

针对高温高盐的油气开发工程防腐的需要,以乙二胺、甲醛和亚磷酸为主要原料,讨论了反应条件对产物的影响并优选了实验,合成出一种在盐水完井液中使用的缓蚀剂。利用室内挂片失量法对该缓蚀剂体系性能进行了评价。研究结果表明：该缓蚀剂加量小、性能稳定、效果明显、抗温能力强、有较好的抗盐能力。在pH值为5~7,温度低于120℃,加量为0.2g/L时,能使腐蚀速度控制在0.0700mm/a以下,能有效阻止盐水介质的腐蚀。     

用双层ONIOM方法研究MMPs抑制剂

采用计算机辅助药物设计（ONOIM）方法, 对基质金属 蛋白酶（MMPs）与其小分子化合物抑制剂的相互作用进行计算, 筛选出F^-,C₅H₅N^-₆,NO^-₃和C₂H₄NO^-₂为能力较强的基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(MMPIs).     

Spontaneous rhythmic contractions of human saphenous veins isolated from old subjects are sensitive to cyclooxygenase inhibitors

Summary Spontaneous rhythmic contractions were observed in some preparations of human isolated saphenous veins from old (>60 years) subjects. These contractions were insensitive to adrenergic and histaminergic blockers, but were abolished by the cyclooxygenase inhbitors, aspirin and indomethacin, indicating the participation of endogenous eicosanoids.     

Araplysillins-I and-II: Biologically active dibromotyrosine derivatives from the spongePsammaplysilla arabica

Summary Araplysillins-I and-II, two novel dibromotyrosine derivatives, were isolated fromPsammaplysilla arabica and their structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. They proved to be inhibitors of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and to have antimicrobial activity.     

6-氮杂甾醇类Ⅱ型5-α还原酶抑制剂的三维定量构效关系研究和虚拟筛选

采用Topomer CoMFA对37个6-氮杂甾醇类抑制剂进行三维定量构效关系分析,新建模型的交互验证和拟合相关系数为q2=0.774,r2=0.965,结果表明模型具有良好的可信度和预测能力.将基于配体的Topomer search虚拟筛选、基于受体的分子对接虚拟筛选和基于3D-QSAR模型的分子活性预测等方法运用到新抑制剂的分级筛选,最终获得4个高活性的新抑制剂分子.新抑制剂的Surflex-dock结果显示6-氮杂甾醇类抑制剂与5AR-Ⅱ靶点的作用模式主要是氢键作用.MTT法生物学活性测试结果显示新抑制剂能显著抑制BPH-1细胞增殖,且抑制程度呈浓度依赖性.通过分子对接机理解释和细胞学实验的抑制前列腺增生活性测试,这两种研究方式相互验证,证明此虚拟筛选方法能够为治疗良性前列腺增生的新药设计提供有效候选化合物.     

肿瘤血管生成抑制剂临床应用进展

血管生成抑制剂已被证明是一类有效的肿瘤治疗药物.概述了从单靶点、多靶点,到广谱血管生成抑制剂在临床上的应用;介绍了单克隆抗体、小分子和内源性的血管生成抑制剂及其相应靶点,讨论了新的靶点及有前景的新型血管生成抑制剂,希望为未来临床治疗提供切实的帮助.     

Alzheimer's disease: fundamental and therapeutic aspects

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of progressive and debilitating dementia affecting aged people. In some early — as well as late-onset familial cases, a genetic linkage with chromosomes 14, 21 (early-onset) or 19 (late-onset) has been indicated. Furthermore, a direct or indirect role has been attributed to normal or structurally altered amyloid -protein (concentrated in senile plaques) and/or excessively phosphorylated tau protein (located in neurofibrillary tangles). Degeneration of cholinergic neurons and concomitant impairment of cortical and hippocampal neurotransmission lead to cognitive and memory deficits. Several compounds are being tested in attempts to prevent and/or cure Alzheimer's disease, including tacrine, which has very modest efficacy in a sub-group of patients, and new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Pilot experiments have also been launched using nerve growth factor (NGF) to prevent or stabilize the processes of cholinergic pathway degeneration. Alternatively, antioxidants, free radical scavengers and/or non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may be screened as potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases induced by multiple endogenous and/or exogenous factors. The recent use of transgenic mice, in parallel with other genetic, biochemical and neurobiological systems, in vivo and/or in vitro (cell cultures), should accelerate the discovery and development of specific drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.