财经访谈中回避策略的顺应性

汉语财经访谈中的受访者常常回避采访者提出的问题。本文将回避作为受访者刻意使用的策略,尝试采用Jef Verschueren提出的语言顺应论作为理论框架进行分析,指出回避的运用是受访者为了满足一定的交际目标而动态地商讨性地顺应社会心理因素而做出的语言选择。     

Environmental control versus phylogenic fingerprint in ontogeny: The example of the development of the stalk in the genus Guillecrinus (stalked crinoids,Echinodermata)

The stalk morphology of the deep‐sea stalked crinoid Guillecrinus changes a lot from juvenile to adult. As a result of its unusual morphology among the extant crinoids, its taxonomic and phylogenetic affinities remain unsettled. Distinctive morphological changes characterize the various growth stages in stalked crinoids. We conduct and discuss a detailed ontogenetic analysis of the stalk of the two species (Guillecrinus neocaledonicus and G. reunionensis) of this Indo‐Pacific genus, which was observed in its environment during submersible dives off New Caledonia. Analyses examined (1) morphological changes, (2) the degree of change in morphology, (3) architectural constraints, and (4) the functional constraints related to environmental factors. The relations between three levels of integration were examined: the ossicle (columnal), the stalk, and the complete individual. The changes in level of organization were estimated. The analysis reveals that the external stalk morphology of Guillecrinus goes from a pronounced xenomorphic type in juveniles, characterized by diversified columnal articulations, which provide the proximal and distal part of the stalk with a considerable degree of flexibility, to a dominant homeomorphic type in adults, characterized by columnal articulations which allow little or no movement. This ontogenetic change through a mosaic of heterochronic developments corresponds with a change in the hydrodynamic environment, from a turbulent to a laminar water flow, and from nutritional contraints. The extensive development of deep ligament fossae in adults and in the distal stalk of juveniles corresponds to a relatively low allocation of energy to the skeleton, rather than a functional necessity. Proximal columnals in juvenile Guillecrinus display characteristics of adult Hyocrinidae. Distal columnals exhibit the typical morphology observed in Bourgueticrinina. Juveniles stages of both proximal and distal columnals show a high degree of specialization (derived characters). Well‐supported classifications have typically placed the Bourgueticrinina and the Hyocrinidae in two very dissimilar groups. Specific characteristics from the three very different families Bathycrinidae, Guillecrinidae and Hyocrinidae appear to be expressed either separately (Hyocrinus or Bathycrinus) or together (Guillecrinus). Their expression appears to depend on functional and environmental constraints. The transformation of columnals from juvenile to adult shows the important role of hypermorphic processes. However, no evidence of phylogenetic recapitulation was observed. Does the evidence presented here support or disprove current taxonomic interrelationships? How does morphology relate to ontogeny? Is heterochrony involved?     

护理专科学生实习焦虑的成因调查及应对方式

目的：了解大学专科护生临床实习期间压力源、应对方式以及焦虑状况,并分析其影响因素。方法：采用问卷调查法收集资料,对87名大学专科护生实习中后期进行调查。结果：87名大学专科护生压力水平处于中低水平,前10位压力源为未来的择业与就业、带教老师的态度、接触传染性疾病、对紧急情况的应变能力、临床学习期间的考试、带教老师的评价、出现差错的可能等,12.94%的护生存在焦虑情绪。护生多采用较为积极的应对方式。结论：注重专科护生临床实习期间的引导,以帮助护生尽快适应临床学习。     

体育教师心理健康的维护和调适

为了适应当代教育发展的需要,体育教师应正确认识心理问题和心理疾病,有效地进行自我调适,尽量改善、改变不利于心理健康的客观环境,保持乐观心态;悦纳自己,保持良好的自我意象;有效调节自己不良的情绪状态;提高沟通能力,加深对"现实的自我"的了解和认识;确立正确的价值观,营造宽松的心理环境;不断充实、提升自我,保持健康的心理,以促进自身和学生身心的和谐发展。     

“用复杂性方法诊断金融危机”解读——一种科学哲学的分析

1.复杂性系统的规律是可认识的并具有方法论上的启示价值;2.信息社会作为超大复杂系统具有哪些新的基本特征;3.复杂性系统的建模技巧,模型与原型,虚拟实在与真实世界之间的互动关系;4.根据复杂性方法论的基本精神,可以提出处理复杂系统的合理的设计原则。5.金融复杂系统中因有害振荡的急速传播而失稳甚至解体,乃是金融危机的实质所在。应当采取的基本对策是,通过诊断和调整其主要的特征参数,来实现维护金融复杂系统稳定性的目标。     

语际语用失误与语内语用失误的顺应性研究

语际语用失误与语内语用失误是语用失误的两种类型。运用Verschueren的顺应理论可以阐释这两种类型的语用失误产生的根本原因，即都是在言语交际过程中，由于交际的任何一方忽视了语言与语言使用者、语言使用者双方的心理世界、社交世界和物理世界等交际语境诸因素的动态顺应而导致的。     

川西高原国外牧草引种试验研究

对高原牧草引种的生态气候适应及经济性状进行了广泛的探讨,重点研究了自德国、新西兰引进的22种温性草种对高原气候的适应;不同牧草经济性状与产量的相关关系,水热条件与牧草的生长速度与产量效应等。     

我国牦牛血液生态的研究现状

牦牛为适应高寒地区生态环境,形成了独有的生态特性。本文对近十多年来有关牦牛血液成分包括血细胞、血红蛋白含量及多态性,LDH含量及同工酶、血清运铁蛋白多态型及其它血清蛋白成份、电解质和酶等的研究作一比较系统的综述和分析。牦牛除有体形外貌、解剖结构的适应性外,还有独特的血液成分的适应性。     

体育教师心理健康的维护与调适

为了适应当代教育发展的需要,体育教师应正确认识心理问题和心理疾病,有效地进行自我调适,尽量改善、改变不利于心理健康的客观环境,保持乐观心态;悦纳自己,保持良好的自我意象;有效调节自己不良的情绪状态;提高沟通能力,加深对“现实的自我”的了解和认识;确立正确合理的价值观,营造宽松的心理环境;不断充实、提升自我,保持健康的心理,以促进自身和学生身心和谐发展．     

Function,persistence, and selection: Generalizing the selected-effect account of function adequately

The selected effect account is regarded by many as one of the most attractive accounts of function. This account assumes that the function of a trait is what it has been selected for. Recently, it has been generalized by Justin Garson to include cases in which selection is understood as a simple sorting process, i.e., a selection process between entities that do not reproduce. However, once extended, this generalized selected effect account seems to ascribe functions to entities for which it looks unintuitive to do so. For instance, the hardness of rocks on a beach being differentially eroded by waves would be ascribed the function of resisting erosion. Garson provides one central argument why, despite appearance, one should not ascribe functions in cases of such sorting processes. In this paper, I start by presenting his argument, which hinges on whether a collection of entities form a population. I find it wanting. I argue instead that some selection processes are evolutionarily more or less interesting and that when a selection process is regarded as evolutionarily uninteresting, it will yield an uninteresting form of function rather than a reason for withholding the concept of function altogether.