Paternal allocation of sequestered plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid to eggs in the danaine butterfly,Danaus gilippus

Summary Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestered by adult maleDanaus gilippus from plants is transferred in large measure to the female at mating, and by the female to the eggs. The eggs, presumably, are protected as a result. The male's courtship pheromone, danaidone, derived from the sequestered alkaloid, may function to advertise the male's alkaloid-donating capacity.Acknowledgments. Paper Nr. 89 of the series Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods. Study supported by NIH (Grants AI-02908 and AI-12020; Predoctoral Traineeship to DED), Hatch funds (191-7416), the Bache Fund (National Academy of Sciences, to DED), and the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund (American Museum of Natural History, to DED). We thank M. Weingarner and J. Miller forD. gilippus collection, J. Boggan for technical assistance, and the staff of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, for assistance and hospitality. One of us (DED) is indebted to M. D. Achey, who by demonstrating nuptial cardenolide transfer in the monarch butterfly [Honors Thesis, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts (1979)] raised the possibility that other plant metabolites might be similarly transferred in danaines.Deceased July, 1985. This paper is affectionately dedicated to his memory.     

组织的立体多核网络模型研究

在大量现象观察和抽象的基础上，从构建基础概念体系出发，在引入立体结构、立体禀赋、核、核度和立体多核网络（MMKN）的基本概念后，提出了组织的立体多核网络这一全新的理论范式，并根据核在立体网络中分布的方位以及核度的差异性，对组织的立体多核网络进行了立体多层次结构的分析。从组织的局部层次分析的递推结果，得到组织的整体多层次异等级立体结构。最后定义了超图的截映射和关联闭合的概念，建立了一般意义上的包罗各种组织的立体多核网络结构模型。     

Expulsion and consumption of male ejaculates by promiscous female Euxesta eluta and Euxesta mazorca (Diptera: Ulidiidae)

While expulsion of male ejaculates by the females after copulation has been reported for various animal groups, expulsion followed by consumption of the expelled ejaculate is a rare behaviour outside spermatophylax-producing orthopterans. Among Diptera, this behaviour has been reported for a few species of Piophilidae, Empididae and Ulidiidae. Here we report on its occurrence among Euxesta eluta and Euxesta mazorca (Diptera: Ulidiidae). We also attempt to characterize the mating system of E. eluta in order to facilitate future hypothesis testing to understand the behavioural factors leading to the evolution of this peculiar behaviour. For this, courtship sequences, copulation duration, frequency of ejaculate expulsion and subsequent consumption, and latency to ejaculate expulsion for both E. eluta and E. mazorca were recorded. The time of sexual maturation, the time window of sexual receptivity during the day, and the mating frequency and variance in mating success for males and females (degree of polygamy) were determined for E. eluta. Both E. eluta and E. mazorca males engaged in elaborate courtship sequences involving visual and tactile displays before copulation. Females of both species almost invariably expelled and consumed ejaculates after copulation. Female E. eluta, required a 6- to 9-day period feeding on protein and sugar before becoming sexually receptive. Reproductive activity occurred continuously over the day with an early morning and late afternoon peak. Both males and females could mate multiply, with multiple partners over a 2-h observational period. Sexual network analysis revealed that some males and females had greater mating success than others. Ejaculate consumption appears to be widespread in the genus Euxesta. It is possible that females obtain nutrients from this behaviour while exerting some control over egg fertilization.     

论南朝赠答诗的主题及成因

南朝赠答诗数量众多,反映出的主题主要有以诗赠别、以诗抒怀、以诗干谒三大类。其中赠别诗按其情境,可分为多对一的赠别,一对多的赠予,一对一的相赠三类;以诗抒怀主要抒发的是生命短暂之思和游子思乡之情;以诗干谒是通过赠答诗表达出慕群恋景,求荐希用之意。这些主题的兴盛与南朝统治者重视文学推崇诗歌的风尚,以及动荡更迭的政治环境下文人无法把握自己命运的状态息息相关。     

人际关系对礼品消费决策影响的研究

研究人际关系在消费者购买礼品时对产品属性的偏好和卷入度的影响,礼品的属性包括品牌、价格、功能和质量;卷入度包括象征性、重要性和时间性3个维度.以浙江嘉兴市1所成人培训学校的330名学员为研究对象,回归分析结果揭示:人际关系的情感依恋关系在消费者购买礼品时对产品质量、功能和品牌偏好都具有显著的负向影响,而对礼品购买卷入度的象征性和重要性因子具有显著的正向影响;企业可以选择情感依恋程度的高低作为产品和品牌定位的基础.人际关系的生活卷入关系对产品的质量、功能和价格,以及象征性和时间因子都具有显著的正向影响;工作顺从关系对消费者功能、品牌和价格偏好,以及时间因子都具有显著的正向影响.现代人际关系多元化理性化背景下,笼统地研究人际关系的影响是无解的,必须区分不同的人际关系内容进行求解.     

黑客伦理与礼物文化

受60年代文化革命和70年代计算机平民运动的影响，黑客形成了独具鲜明特色的后现代文化。其伦理之一——信息要免费——与现代主流商业文化背道而驰，是一种典型的礼物文化。黑客之所以要把信息当成礼物散发，其动机一是出于对信息垄断的反抗，二是为了获得做一名黑客的声誉。     

Building Context in Everyday Life

Social context is generally thought toinfluence how humans act. Here we argue thathumans rarely accept the context as it isgiven, but rather undertake conscious actionsto make it favourable. The example chosen isfrom northern Cameroon, where nomad herdsmeninduce the sedentary farmers to trust them, bydifferent means: creation of interpersonallinks, exhibition of good behaviours byrespecting certain norms. Trust is consideredas an element of the context, necessary forthem to perform acts that present a certainrisk. An attempt was made to translate one ofthe traditional behaviours into a model,implemented in an artificial society:autonomous agents would make gifts in order tocreate an image of themselves in a group. Inthe simulations, a form of reputationstratification appears in time. One notes thatan agent can build the image it wants only ifthe part of the population that wants to beinvolved in the same dynamic is big enough. Asa conclusion, we suggest that althoughindividuals try to create consciously a contextfor their living, this is not just anindividual choice, but needs a commonbackground of rules, a context enabling contextcreation.     

明朝时期中华典籍在朝鲜半岛的译介与传播

中华文化对朝鲜半岛文化影响深远,作为文化载体的中华典籍在其中发挥重要作用。明朝时期朝鲜王朝利用明廷赋予的"最惠国"待遇,以各种途径获得大量中华典籍,让朝鲜社会对中华文化有全面认知更趋认同,"慕华"之风更盛,同时也扩大了中华典籍海外译介与传播的影响力。