车间流程的免疫调度算法

为了高效地解决车间流程(Flow Shop)问题,提出了一种利用免疫算法求解Flow Shop调度问题的方法.该算法是根据人或者其他高等动物的免疫系统机理设计的,将调度目标和约束条件作为抗原,将问题的解作为抗体,对抗体采用按工件加工顺序进行自然数编码,并把最大流程时间的倒数作为适应度函数,新抗体的繁殖是通过部分匹配交叉算子和按工件顺序互换的变异算子实现的,对抗体产生的刺激和抑制通过抗体浓度来调节,而抗体浓度通过计算抗体之间的最大亲和力获得.通过对Flow Shop问题的基准测试表明,该算法不仅在求解问题的规模上具有很好的可伸缩性,而且在运算时间上也低于遗传算法和模拟退火算法.     

两种不同示踪剂用于蛋白质与抗原分子微阵列信号检测的对比研究

以氧化型琼脂糖凝胶膜为基片，制作蛋白质与抗原分子微阵列，建立了检测固相人IgG,游离IgG和自身抗体分子的免疫学测定模式，分别以辣根过氧化物酶－二氨基联苯胺一双氧水（HRPDAB－H2O2）和胶体金－硝酸银－对苯二酚2种示踪系统作为蛋白质与抗原分子微阵列信号显示剂，并对其作用的原理与特点进行讨论，检测结果发现基于胶体金的免疫金银染色法（IGSS）比固相酶免疫测定法（EIA）敏感，2种示踪系统对固相人IgG的最低检出量分别为0．05ng和0．5ng；而对血清游离IgG的最低检出量IGSS法比EIA法至少高出10倍，两法用于自身抗体的测定亦表现出较好的重复性，在14例HCV感染者中，自身抗体的总体检出率分别为38．6％和31．4％，结果具有显著的同步性，故同时辅以2种示踪剂并用于阵列芯片的联合测试，有助于提高自身抗体的总体检出水平。     

泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅性腺细胞H－Y抗原的检测

以雄性小鼠脾细胞为抗原，免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠，获得了高滴度的抗Ｈ－Ｙ抗原抗体．在此基础上，利用细胞毒性实验，对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的性腺细胞进行了Ｈ－Ｙ抗原的检测．结果表明，泥鳅中雌雄性腺细胞均含有Ｈ－Ｙ抗原；大鳞副泥鳅中，Ｈ－Ｙ抗原仅存在于雌性性腺细胞中，提示其为ＺＺ／ＺＷ型性别决定．     

基于聚邻苯二胺和纳米金电位型免疫传感器的研究

利用电聚合和电沉积技术将邻苯二胺和纳米金固定在石墨电极上,通过白组装的方法使抗体（羊抗小鼠IgG）与石墨电极表面上的纳米金结合,制备了一种免疫传感器（Ab／GNPs／POPD／GE）,并对实验条件进行了优化。该传感器能够对抗原（小鼠IgG）进行定量检测,具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、检测范围宽等优良性能。其检测范围为4．0×10^-～1．0×10^-3ng／mL,检测下限为1．0×10^-3ng／mL．而且该免疫传感器具有较高的选择性和较好的稳定性,寿命可达15d左右。     

The macromolecular peptide-loading complex in MHC class I-dependent antigen presentation

A challenging task for the adaptive immune system of vertebrates is to identify and eliminate intracellular antigens. Therefore a highly specialized antigen presentation machinery has evolved to display fragments of newly synthesized proteins to effector cells of the immune system at the cell surface. After proteasomal degradation of unwanted proteins or defective ribosome products, resulting peptides are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing and loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Peptide-MHC I complexes are transported via the secretory pathway to the cell surface where they are then inspected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which can trigger an immune response. This review summarizes the current view of the intracellular machinery of antigen processing and of viral immune escape mechanisms to circumvent destruction by the host. Received 4 October 2005; received after revision 19 November 2005; accepted 24 November 2005     

与细胞增殖相关的核仁杭原

用自制的抗核仁抗原的抗血清对其相应的核仁抗原(NAg-1)进行了研究.间接免疫荧光染色及细胞化学分析表明,NAg-1,可能是一种与DNA结合并与rDNA合成有关的酸性蛋白质.其在静止的人淋巴细胞和人正常非增殖组织中基本不表达或仅有微量表达,在人癌细胞和人正常增殖细胞中表达.并具有一定的种属特异性.NAg-1在快速增殖的HL-60细胞中表达的百分比大大高于缓慢增殖的细胞.随着HL-60细胞的密度增大,其细胞核仁抗原表达的百分比大大下降,说明NAg-1与细胞的增殖相关.     

血吸虫膜相关抗原基因的克隆

目的:筛选日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum,S.japonicum)新的疫苗候选抗原基因.方法:以S.japonicum成虫DNA为模板,PCR扩增相关基因,然后将其克隆XpBS-T载体,通过菌落PCR对产物进行检测,对阳性克隆子测序,与GeneBank中的已知相关序列进行比对分析.结果:菌落PCR获得一条与PCR产物一致的DNA片段,序列测定结果表明PCR产物与S.japonicum 22.6 kDa抗原分子核苷酸序列具有高度同源性.其目的基因大小636 bp,具有一个189 bp的ORF,能编码63个氨基酸.ORF不是全长的阅读框,只获得部分编码区.表达产物可含有一个包含9个氨基酸残基的潜在螺旋跨膜片段(25～33位)和一个酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点(38～39位).讨论:成功克隆出一个与S.japonicum 22.6kDa抗原编码基因有高度同源性的基因.预测该基因为膜相关蛋白基因,可编码血吸虫体表膜相关蛋白.在生理机能上,该膜相关蛋白可能是信号传递分子.     

Immune responses to DNA vaccines

DNA vaccines, based on plasmid vectors expressing an antigen under the control of a strong promoter, have been shown to induce protective immune responses to a number of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. They have also displayed efficacy in treatment or prevention of cancer, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. Immunologically, DNA vaccines induce a full spectrum of immune responses that include cytolytic T cells, T helper cells and antibodies. The immune response to DNA vaccines can be enhanced by genetic engineering of the antigen to facilitate its presentation to B and T cells. Furthermore, the immune response can be modulated by genetic adjuvants in the form of vectors expressing biologically active determinants or by more traditional adjuvants that facilitate uptake of DNA into cells. The ease of genetic manipulation of DNA vaccines invites their use not only as vaccines but also as research tools for immunologists and microbiologists. Received 26 October 1998; received after revision 3 December 1998; accepted 3 December 1998     

Immunomodulatory properties of cystatins

Cystatins are natural tight-binding reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Because these cysteine proteases exist in all living organisms and because they are involved in various biological and pathological processes, the control of these protease functions by cystatins is of cardinal importance. Cystatins are found in mammals but cystatin-like molecules are also present in mammals and parasites. In the immune system, cystatins modulate cathepsin activities and antigen presentation. They also induce tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 synthesis, and they stimulate nitric oxide production by interferon γ-activated murine macrophages. In turn, nitric oxide has inhibitory activity on cysteine proteases, especially those from parasitic protozoa. Cystatins isolated from parasitic nematodes also have immunomodulatory activities that are distinguishable from those induced by lipopolysacharide-like molecules from endosymbiotic bacteria. On the whole, cystatins and cystatin-like molecules belong to a new category of immunomodulatory molecules. Doubtless increasing data will improve our knowledge of this property, leading to practical applications in immunotherapy. Received 11 April 2002; accepted 18 April 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

CD1d and natural T cells: how their properties jump-start the immune system

Cellular and humoral immune mechanisms recruited to defend the host from infectious agents depend upon the early immune events triggered by antigen. The cytokine milieu within which the immune response matures is the most important of many factors that govern the nature of the immune response. Natural T cells, whose function is controlled by CD1d molecules, are an early source of cytokines that can bestow type 1 or type 2 differentiative potential upon helper T lymphocytes. This review attempts to illuminate the glycolipid antigen presentation properties of CD1d, how CD1d controls the function of natural T cells and how CD1d and natural T cells interact to jump start the immune system. CD1d is postulated to function as a sensor, sensing alterations in cellular lipid content by virtue of its affinity for such ligands. The presentation of a neo-self glycolipid, presumably by infectious assault of antigen-presenting cells, activates natural T cells, which promptly release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and jumpstart the immune system. Received 10 July 2000; received after revision 16 October 2000, accepted 16 November 2000