Transparency and secrecy in citizen science: Lessons from herping

In this paper I will outline a worry that citizen science can promote a kind of transparency that is harmful. I argue for the value of secrecy in citizen science. My argument will consist of analysis of a particular community (herpers), a particular citizen science platform (iNaturalist, drawing contrasts with other platforms), and my own travels in citizen science. I aim to avoid a simple distinction between science versus non-science, and instead analyze herping as a rich practice [MacIntyre, 2007]. Herping exemplifies citizen science as functioning simultaneously within and outside the sphere of science. I show that herpers have developed communal systems of transmitting and protecting knowledge. Ethical concerns about secrecy are inherently linked to these systems of knowledge. My over-arching aim is to urge caution in the drive to transparency, as the concepts of transparency and secrecy merit close scrutiny. The concerns I raise are complementary to those suggested by previous philosophical work, and (I argue) resist straightforward solutions.     

罪责刑相适应原则之倡导

罪刑相适应原则作为体现刑法基本精神内涵的原则,由来已久。但刑罚的正当化根据应是报应刑与目的刑的结合,已经成了现行刑法理论界的主流观念,而此为传统的罪刑相适应原则所不能完全概括,故应在新刑法修订的基础上将其演变为罪责刑相适应原则。通过对＂刑事责任＂概念的分析,罪责刑相适应原则的内涵应为：刑不等于罪,责不等于罪,刑等于责。     

超越融贯论与内在论的知识证成观——对罗蒂式转向的批判性考察

罗蒂批判大写哲学而形成的"解释学"或"实用主义"的转向虽然遭到广泛的关注与批判,但其背后所包含的有关知识证成的论题并未得到太多深入的反思。罗蒂式转向的核心在于否认感觉经验对于知识证成的基础性作用,并进一步否定存在于世界与语言之间的任何形式的非因果关系。而这种做法具有深厚的理论支撑,那就是康德式的二元论。对罗蒂式转向的批判将不仅能向我们揭示出事实/规范、因果/证成的二元论的不足,并且能提供一个超越融贯论与内在论的有关知识证成的新视角。     

确证·回溯论证·基础主义

基础主义是一种关于确证结构的理论,也是关于确证最初来源的理论.因为回溯论证是要表明我们到何处寻求确证的最初来源.我们首先简略地对回溯论证作一下解释,然后再较详细地概述基础主义的类型及其本质和有关这个理论的主要批评.     

对医疗领域中的认知不公正论证的反思

卡瑞尔和基德认为弗里克提出的"认知不公正"概念在医疗领域中也存在,她们论证了这一领域的证言不正义和阐释不正义.然而本文认为,医疗领域与认知不公正问题的典型领域存在显著差异,其差异主要在于专业知识的不对称,病人证言依赖于知识语境和医生能力.因而用认知不公正的概念来表述这些问题会一定程度掩盖其中更为深层的两类知识之间的交互...     

解读传统知识法律保护的正当性——以经济学外部性理论为视角

经济学研究的核心在于如何使各种资源实现价值最大化,然而,"价值最大化"并不仅仅是经济学家们思考的问题,法学家也必须要考虑怎样的制度构建能够合理配置资源,从而在体现法的正义性、合理性的同时兼顾效益性.因此,以经济学的立场和方法去分析和论证传统知识法律保护的正当性便成为传统知识法律保护的正当性研究中不可回避的重要环节.     

PROMETHEE方法的优先函数形式研究

在分析了 AMT评价要素的特性后 ,结合文献 [1 ,3]中的优先函数形式 ,认为在PROMETHEE方法中 ,绝对值与相对值结合 ,线性与非线性共存 ,并辅以专家评判的优先函数形式更合理、更可靠.     

关于刑罚根据的解说——评邱兴隆教授《关于惩罚的哲学——刑罚根据论》

刑罚的根据问题长期存在报应论与功利论的对垒,在报应论内部又有神意报应论、道义报应论、法律报应论的先后更替,在功利论内部也存在着一般预防论与个别预防论的分庭抗礼。而在当代,占主导地位的是融报应与功利于一体的折衷论。邱兴隆教授的《关于惩罚的哲学》这本专著全面介绍了关于刑罚根据的各种争论,并在汲取前人有益观点的基础上提出了自己的“理性统一论”一体化刑罚观,是一部极具学术价值的力作。     

Integrating mechanistic explanations through epistemic perspectives

Talk of levels is ubiquitous in philosophy, especially in the context of mechanistic explanations spanning multiple levels. The mechanistic conception of levels, however, does not allow for the kind of integration needed to construct such multi-level mechanistic explanations integrating observations from different scientific domains. To address the issues arising in this context, I build on a certain perspectival aspect inherent in the mechanistic view. Rather than focusing on compositionally related levels of mechanisms, I suggest analyzing the situation in terms of epistemic perspectives researchers take when making scientific observations. Characterizing epistemic perspectives along five dimensions allows for a systematic analysis of the relations the scientific observations made from these different epistemic perspectives. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for integrating the mechanistic explanations that are based on the scientific observations in question.