近期气候变化研究的一些最新进展

气候变化是当前国际上的热点问题之一,尤其是IPCC-AR4以来的全球气候及其影响如何变化更为引人瞩目.本文综述了近年在Science和Nature等国际杂志上刊登的涉及全球气候变化研究如辐射强迫、温室气体、气溶胶、海水和海平面、温度和降水、南北极地区等的最新研究成果和研究动态,对全球变化及其相关学科的研究以及即将发布的IPCC第五次评估报告具有重要的参考价值.     

Analyses on the air and snow temperatures near ground with observations of an AWS at Dome A, the summit of Antarctic Plateau

As the summit of the Antarctic Plateau, Dome A has been received international attentions.In this paper, observational data of an automatic weather station (AWS) at Dome A in 2005–2007 were used to analyze the seasonal variations of air temperatures near the ground and snow temperatures within a depth of 10 m. Analyses on the air temperatures show a typical feature of the coreless winter, and strong inversion maintains during the long winter. Accordingly the stratification near the ground is dominated by th...     

臭氧与臭氧洞*

2011年空前的北极臭氧损耗,引发了人们对臭氧和臭氧洞的新关注。本文回顾了南极臭氧洞的由来及变化;讨论了南极臭氧洞产生的原因以及南北极臭氧变化的差异;指出目前只是在南极春季出现了臭氧洞,北极并没有出现过臭氧洞。在当前大气环境被污染的情况下,极地大气臭氧亏损的程度将更多地随大气环流,特别是极地涡旋中的低温状况而发生变化。人类只有一个地球,为保护大气臭氧层,国际社会做出了巨大的努力,中国也有自己的贡献。     

南极天文光学望远镜智能化除霜方法

南极Dome A(冰穹A)因其优良的观测条件被誉为地球上最好的天文观测台址之一。Dome A温度常年处于-30～-80℃,相对湿度40%～80%,温度起伏大,望远镜镜面易结霜,影响天文观测的效率和质量。为实现无人值守的智能化镜面除霜、减少除霜对观测时间的占用、降低除霜对镜面视宁度的影响、减少除霜对能源的消耗,提出了智能化除霜方法。首先,分析环境、科学数据、仪器三者的关系,利用外部输入非线性自回归(nonlinear auto regressive models with exogenous input,NARX)时间序列神经网络构建望远镜镜面状态的预测模型;其次,设计南极望远镜智能化除霜仿真系统,实时预测镜面情况,根据预测结果模拟采取相应的应对措施。结果表明该方法能有效实现智能化除霜,减少了人为干预,节约了观测时间,提高了望远镜运行的可靠性。     

南极环境对人体生理和心理健康的影响

介绍了甸南极考察队员在南极环境的影响下，机体生理、内分泌、免疫系统和心理活动的某些变化，上述观察对如何提高南极考察队员的适应能力以及从生理和心理方面选择队员提供了初步依据。     

The effect of chronic heat stress on cortisol levels in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki

Radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of the stress-inducible glucocorticoid, cortisol, circulating in the plasma of the extremely stenothermal Antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki at rest and after heat stress. Fish sampled immediately after capture (–1.9°C) had low cortisol levels (10.4±1.4 ng ml^–1, mean±SEM) as did fish which were laboratory rested for 3 days. Sudden exposure to 5°C (48h) resulted in a peak cortisol value after 3 h (69.9±6.8 ng ml^–1) whereas exposure to 8°C (6h) resulted in a peak value after 1 h (73.5±8.0 ng ml^–1). At both temperatures levels remained significantly elevated (p<0.05) for the entire period of exposure. Increased temperature also resulted in a significant change in haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p<0.05). Plasma lactate was significantly elevated only after exposure to 8°C (p<0.05). Plasma cortisol levels fromP. borchgrevinki are reported here for the first time and show this cryopelagic Antarctic species to have an unusual hormonal stress profile.