低温热水地板辐射采暖的特点

低温热水地板辐射采暖是一种利用建筑物内部地面进行采暖的系统。将塑料管敷设在楼面现浇砼层内,热水温度不超过55℃,工作压力不大于0.4兆帕的地板辐射供暖系统。该系统以整个地面作为     

H型连铸坯表面温度评析

采用CIT-M型红外测温线性化传感器,测定马钢SS400异型坯在连铸过程中的表面温度;Gleeble-2000热力模拟试验机测定SS400的高温塑性.结果表明:SS400异型坯表面温度在二冷区和矫直时大部分处于低温脆性区760-880℃,铸坯的表面塑性较差;同时,由于二冷2段支撑辊间间隔喷水,铸坯表面温度回复大,远大于连铸二冷配水冶金规则所允许的最大幅度100℃·m-1.     

Extraseasonal ensemble numerical predictions of winter climate over China

Using the nine-level Atmospheric General Circulation Model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP9L-AGCM) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30-year extraseasonal short-term ensemble hincast of winter climate is performed, with integrations starting from annual autumn during 1969—1998. Winter climate predictability over China is then evaluated for the first time. It follows that the predictability is higher in tropics than in extratropics. Also, it is higher over ocean compared with land, especially for surface air temperature. With height increasing in troposphere, the predictability of geopotential height slightly changes zonally, but for weakening of band-ship distribution and dropping near the date line. Of all analyzed variables, the prediction skill of air temperature and geopotential height (precipitation) is the highest (smallest). In addition, the predictability of winter climate over China and even East Asia enhances obviously during ENSO cycle, especially during La Nia phase. Simulation comparison against verifying analysis for surface temperature anomaly exhibits the model抯 skill in predicting surface temperature抯 interannual variation trend in winter.     

海洋渔业SST数据时空相关矩阵研究

海水表面温度(SST)与渔业资源有着密切的关系，对SST的时空分布和变化的研究，是海洋渔业研究的基本内容之一。本文首先对SST数据在空间和时间上的变异分析方法进行了探讨，提出了SST时空相关阵的构建思想和方法，并在北太八年SST数据的基础上构建了以渔区为单位的时空相关阵，对该阵进行了空间插值检验，结果证明该方法的插值精度较高。     

相控真空开关中短间隙电弧介质恢复研究

讨论了真空短间隙及其对应的短燃弧时间对相控真空开关介质恢复特性的影响，应用金属蒸汽密度模型和不同的间隙边界条件，得到燃弧时间与电极表面温度、金属蒸汽密度的关系。进行开断试验得到工业真空开关(12kV，25kA)开断额定短路电流不发生重燃对应的临界燃弧时间为2．5ms，临界开距为3．2mm，为相控真空断路器的控制系统设计提供了理论和实验依据。     

利用HJ-1B模拟数据反演地表温度的两种单通道算法

现有的两种单通道算法（覃志豪单通道算法和Jimenez-Munoz＆Sobrino单通道算法）都是针对LandsatTM提出的,中国即将发射的HJ-1B卫星传感器也仅有一个热红外波段,要想应用这两种算法对HJ-1B数据进行地表温度的反演,需要根据HJ-1B热红外波段的通道响应函数来重新得到算法中的经验关系．文中针对HJ-1B卫星传感器对这两种算法进行了修订,通过大气辐射传输软件MODTRAN4模拟数据对算法进行了精度评价和参数的敏感性分析．并在此基础上考虑HJ-1B卫星传感器的噪声等效温差（NE△T）和各种参数的估计误差对算法进行了综合误差分析,发现在NE△T≤0．3K的情况下,覃志豪单通道算法平均综合误差为1．14K,而Jimenez-Munozoz＆Sobrino单通道算法平均综合误差为0．94K．基于模拟的HJ-1B热红外波段数据,采用修订后的算法进行了地表温度的反演实验,通过对反演结果的分析,发现覃志豪单通道算法反演的地表温度比模拟的地表温度低1．2K左右,而Jimenez—Munozoz＆Sobrino单通道算法比模拟的地表温度低0．8K左右．从算法验证和应用的结果来看,修订的这两种算法可以方便地应用到对HJ-1B热红外波段数据的地表温度反演．     

Higher sea surface temperature in the northern South China Sea during the natural warm periods of late Holocene than recent decades

The large-scale syntheses of global mean temperatures in IPCC fourth report suggested that the Northern Hemisphere temperature in the second half of the 20th century was likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years and the 1990s was likely the warmest decade. However, this remains debated and the controversy is centered on whether temperatures during the recent half century were higher than those during the Medieval Cli- mate Anomaly （MCA, AD 800-1300） and the Roman Warm Period （RWP, BC 200-AD 400）, the most recent two natural warm periods of the late Holocene. Here the high resolution sea surface temperatures （SSTs） of two time windows around AD 990 （±40） and AD 50 （±40）, which located in the MCA and RWP respectively, were reconstructed by the Sr/Ca ratio and 6180 of Tradacna gigas shells from the northern South China Sea. The resultssuggested that the mean SSTs around AD 990 （±40） and AD 50 （＋40） were 28.1 ℃ and 28.7 ℃, 0.8 ℃ and 1.4 ℃ higher than that during AD 199±2005, respectively. These records, together with the tree ring, lake sediment and literature records from the eastern China and northwest China, imply that the temperatures in recent decades do not seem to exceed the natural changes in MCA, at least in eastern Asia from northwest China to northern SCS.     

基于地表温度和植被指数的农业干旱遥感监测方法

农业旱灾是人类面临的最主要自然灾害之一,对我国农业生产影响非常大。土壤含水量是农业干旱监测的重要指标,通过遥感地表温度(LST)与植被指数(NDVI)结合,可以估算土壤湿度,监测农作物旱情。重点研究了LST/NDVI特征空间中干湿边的提取方法,通过14年全国NOAA/AVHRR的8km合成数据集分析发现,在LST/NDVI特征空间中,曲线斜率与实测土壤湿度显著相关(R=0.78,P<0.01),干边的截距和斜率与湿边有比较稳定的关系,但干湿边存在较大的空间和时间变异性。将全国分为6个区,分别确定LST/NDVI特征空间,根据特征空间干湿边参数反演土壤湿度,在土壤湿度分布图和全国耕地分布图基础上,进行旱情分级,得到全国耕地旱情分布图,可以为农业抗旱救灾提供快速宏观的信息服务。     

Twenty-five years of change in scleractinian coral communities of Daya Bay （northern South China Sea） and its response to the 2008 AD extreme cold climate event

Coral reefs worldwide are becoming increasingly and detrimentally impacted upon by a variety of factors including significant climate changes, such as global warming and increased El Nino-Southern Oscillation activity. Generally, the persistence of coral reefs, especially at low-latitudes, is governed, in part, by sea surface temperatures not exceeding the critical limit （-30℃） at which mass mortality can occur. Thus, it is thought that corals living at high-latitudes （i.e., currently cooler sea surface temperatures） will likely respond more favourably to hypothesized future temperature increases than corals living at low-latitudes （i.e., currently warmer sea surface temperatures）. Consequently, high-latitude coral communities may have the potential to act as regions of refugia for many coral species in the face of potential future global warming. The Daya Bay （22°31′--22°50′N）, northern South China Sea, contains several high-latitude non-reefal coral communities and represents one of the most northerly distributions of scleractinian corals within the region. Significantly, Daya Bay has experienced dramatic warming in both air and sea surface temperatures throughout the past 50 years. In this paper, we analyze 25 years of change in the Daya Bay coral communities, based both on historic surveys and our latest 2006--2008 regional ecological surveys. Our results suggest that, contrary to predictions, there have been significant declines in coral cover within the Daya Bay during the past 25 years （i.e., 76.6% coral cover in 1983/1984 to only 15.3% coral cover by 2008）. Such changes also reflect a significant shift in the most abundant coral species, from Acropora pruinosa to Favites abdita. Most of the modern coral communities became established between 15 and 30 years ago, corresponding to a period of increased winter sea surface temperature. However, very few colonies have become established within the last 15 years, despite a more intense period of warming. By taking into account additional factors, we hypothesize that direct anthropogenic impacts, rather than climatic events, have both restricted the development, and drove the decline, of Daya Bay coral communities in the last 15 years. The Daya Bay has also been subjected to occasional extreme cold events during the past 50 years, with the most recent occurring in early 2008 （13 January-13 February）. During the 2008 cold event, the lowest air temperature reaches only 6.6℃, and the mean sea surface temperature for February fall to 〈 14℃, including six continuous days at 12.3℃. Significantly, the sea surface temperatures fall below the hypothesized critical lower temperature threshold （-13℃） that commonly leads to mass mortality in scleractinian coral communities. Surprisingly, our coral community surveys, conducted both before （August 2007） and after （late February 2008） the extreme 2008 cold event, demonstrate that the Daya Bay coral ecosystems are barely impacted upon during the cold period. Those observations suggest that the Daya Bay scleractinian coral communities have developed adaptations to low sea surface temperatures. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that high-latitude coral communities, such as Daya Bay, have the potential to act as areas of refugia for scleractinian corals in the advent of potential future global warming.     

Quantitative exploration of the mechanisms behind the urban thermal environment in Beijing

The driving mechanism behind the formation of urban thermal environments is the result of a combination of factors.Beijing was chosen as the study area,and the technique of principal component analysis (PCA) was used.A spatial regression method was also applied for quantitative explanation of the thermal mechanism.Multiple Landsat thematic mapper images were used to quantify potential causing factors.Considering the eigenvalues of each factor and its relationship with land surface temperature,the first three principal components (PCs) are regarded as the main causative factors explaining the mechanism as independent variables.The first three PCs mainly reflect urban construction,road density and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),respectively.Ordinary least squares,spatial lag and spatial error regression models were established separately for the relationships between the first three PCs and land surface temperature (LST).In the two spatial regression models,z-statistics for both the spatial lag parameter (ρ) and spatial residual parameter (λ) are significant,indicating the necessity of using spatial regression to replace the OLS regression model,as well as indicating that the spatial error regression model is superior to the spatial lag regression model.Overall,the normalized difference builtup index (NDBI) and road density are the most significant positive contributions to LST.