Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

中国漠王族干标本DNA提取及部分类群发育关系

为了降低昆虫分子系统学研究中的成本,提高资源利用率,本实验利用干制标本提取基因组DNA.通过对河北大学馆藏30年的漠甲亚科不同保存期干标本与液浸标本DNA的提取和特定基因片段PCR(聚合酶链式反应)扩增,获得一致效果.通过细胞色素B(Cytb)基因片段序列信息构建系统树并与传统分类学做比较,探讨了漠王族部分种类的系统进化关系,研究结果支持Reitter(1893)建立的Platyopini和Pimeliini是2个独立族的观点,而不同意Beutle等(2005)将它们合并为1个族的观点.研究结果为利用鞘翅目昆虫干标本进行分子系统学研究提供了借鉴.     

基于18S rRNA基因序列的毛茛科及近缘植物的分子进化关系研究

基于18S rRNA基因序列以近缘植物Paeonia suffruticosa和Mahonia bealei为外类群,采用邻接法（Neighbor-joining methods,NJ)和最大简约法（Maximum parsimony,MP）对毛茛科Ranunculaceae 6属12种植物的系统发育关系进行了分析．结果表明,18S rRNA基因序列长度范围在1807~1810bp之间,系统树显示耧斗菜属Aquilegia与唐松草属Thalictrum,升麻属Cimicifuga与乌头属Aconitu     

中国蓼科孢粉地理学研究

根据蓼科１４ 属１６６ 种植物２８ 个花粉类型在中国的地理分布,认为中国西南部是蓼科植物的多度中心和多样化中心,也是中国蓼科植物的起源地,而湖北及邻近省份则是中国蓼科植物的次生分布中心．根据化石花粉资料表明,蓼科的起源时间可能是白垩纪末期或第三世纪初期．此外,根据叉分蓼型、冰岛蓼型、春蓼型、头状蓼型、多穗蓼型、卷茎蓼型、拳蓼型、木蓼型的地理分布,看出了蓼科植物的六条迁移路线．根据一个特定科的花粉类型的地理分布,来研究其分布中心和起源地, 此文尚属首次．     

A new deep-sea benthopelagic chaetognath of the genus Bathyspadella (Chaetognatha) with ecological and molecular phylogenetic remarks

A new chaetognath, Bathyspadella oxydentata, collected from Sagami Bay, central Japan, is described. The new species was collected from deep-sea benthopelagic habitat and is distinguished from the closely related species Bathyspadella edentata Tokioka, 1939 Tokioka, T. 1939. Three new chaetognaths from Japanese waters. Mem Imp Mar Obs., 7: 129–140.  [Google Scholar] by the presence of teeth. The phylogenetic position of the new species was examined by molecular genetic analysis using partial sequences of 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA. Although B. oxydentata shares several morphological features with both Spadellidae and Eukrohnidae, the molecular phylogeny indicates that the new species is closely related to Heterokrohnidae species.     

A new large and colourful species of the genus Doto (Nudibranchia: Dotidae) from South Africa

A new species of the genus Doto is described from the Cape Peninsula of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. To date, the genus Doto is probably one of the more complex and poorly defined genera within nudibranchs. The very small body size and very similar external and internal features make this genus problematic and, therefore, poorly studied. Despite the large number of described species around the world, only three species are known to be present in South Africa: Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791), Doto pinnatifida (Montagu, 1804) and Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881. Morphologically, Doto splendida sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all its South African congeneric species by its conspicuous colouration. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear genes clearly separate the new species from other species from southern Africa. A molecular phylogeny based on two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and one nuclear (H3) gene is herein presented. This phylogeny includes all available species of Doto (valid and unidentified) as well as several other traditionally closed related species retrieved from GenBank.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3764C38DF6BB-415F-958C-E3132A1A9524     

基于Cyt b基因全序列分析河南7种菊头蝠系统发育关系

采用分子系统发育分析方法对菊头蝠科蝙蝠的系统发育关系和分类地位进行研究,以7种127个蝙蝠为研究对象,测定了mtDNA Cytb基因全序列(1140kb),用最大简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)建系统发育树,对菊头蝠种间亲缘关系及分类地位进行分析,角菊头蝠、菲菊头蝠和大耳菊头蝠属于较原始的种类,且彼此间有较近的亲缘关系;大菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠关系较近,为较原始的类群;马铁和中菊头蝠关系较近,为后分化的类群.     

基于RLCKVⅡ基因序列的蜘蛛抱蛋属系统发育分析

蜘蛛抱蛋属(Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.)是单子叶植物中同一属内物种多样性最为丰富的类群之一.由于缺乏分子序列方面的研究资料,该属种间系统发育关系一直都不清楚.本研究对20种具有代表性的蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的RLCKVⅡ基因进行了测序分析.结果表明,采用分子系统学证据所构建的该属系统发育关系不支持先前基于形态证据所建立的分类系统;蜘蛛抱蛋属植物复杂的平行进化关系很可能是该属分化早期频繁种间杂交的结果.RLCKVⅡ基因适用于禾本科、棕榈科和天门冬科等类群,可作为研究单子叶植物系统发育关系的备选基因.     

十种臂尾轮虫12S rDNA基因序列的PCR扩增及分析

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等十种臂尾轮虫和矩形龟甲轮虫的12S rDNA基因进行扩增和序列测序,结合Genbank中两种褶皱臂尾轮虫的125rDNA序列,使用MEGA软件构建这13种轮虫系统发生树(NJ树),探讨了12种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明:本研究所涉及的轮虫12S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为34.41%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属内种间系统关系研究;系统树支持将十指臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫归属于臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种.     

雀形目鸟类核型种系发生初探

通过雀形目42科315种鸟类核型比较,确立了雀形目鸟类原始核型,与Takagi(1974)提出的鸟类原始核型相比较在它们之间不具统一性,通过二者的比较发现:雀形目鸟类原始核型中第1对染色体与非雀形目鸟类原始核型中第2对染色体相对应:雀形目的第2对染色体与非雀形目的第3对染色体相对应.从系统关系上讲,雀形目鸟类原始核型来源于非雀形目鸟类原始核型中第1对大染色体着丝点分裂而形成,再经过各种重排机制形成现代雀形目各科鸟类核型. 染色体研究表明:雀形目鸟类不为单系起源类群.其特点可以从以下两点证明:一是鸣禽类和亚鸣禽类A组染色体有着明显的不同,二是二者的核型进化趋势也是不同的.依据核型、化石资料以及古地理、古气候的资料,笔者提出亚鸣禽类起源于南美大陆,在上新世或早更新世中美陆桥变得明显时才可能进入北美以及伸入欧亚大陆;鸣禽类是起源于旧大陆的类群,在气候和地理条件适宜的前提下进入新大陆,从而进一步适应辐射。