Epitypification： should we epitypify？

Epitypification can solve many taxonomic problems and stabilize the understanding of species, genera, families or orders. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how to epitypify. A few examples where taxa have been epitypified are considered and the benefits and disadvantages of epitypification are discussed. We also outline some examples of taxa which need to be epitypifled with reasons.     

Phylogeny constructed by using diversity increment

A new approach based on the concept of the diversity increment is applied to reconstruct a phylogeny. The phylogeny of the Eutherian orders use concatenated H-stranded amino acid sequences, and the result is consistent with the commonly accepted one for the Eutherians. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 30170214) and the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Software Engineer, Wuhan University, China. Biography: Shi Feng ( 1966- ), male, Ph. D, Associate professor, research direction: bioinformatics.     

基于16S rRNA和POMC基因序列的中国北方林蛙属动物系统发生关系

基于16S rRNA和POMC基因部分序列研究了中国北方林蛙属动物的系统发生关系.利用ClustalX软件对序列进行对位排列后,长度为1148bp,内群变异位点259,简约位点110.利用MP法、ML法和BI法构建系统进化树,结果显示林蛙属物种构成单系群,其中东北种群聚为一支,中国林蛙聚为一支,支持东北林蛙为有效物种.桓仁林蛙和核型为2n=26的林蛙属物种聚为一支,因此不支持核型为2n=24的林蛙形成单系群.桓仁林蛙、昆嵛林蛙、黑龙江林蛙单独聚为一支,表明三者之间的亲缘关系较近.     

Progress report on the study of wood-decaying fungi in China

This study addressed three important aims:(1) undermining the previously obtained raw data about wood-decaying fungi(WDF) distribution and continuously investigating permanent plots to address certain scientific questions in ecology,(2) resolving the higher-level phylogeny of WDF with the help of multiple loci,and(3) testing and estimating the medicinal values of species that are closely related to well-known medicinal species.More than 1200 species and 2469 strains of WDF in China were identified from 28908 specimens collected from a series of field investigations.Using these materials,studies in multiple disciplines,such as ecology,taxonomy and phylogeny,and medicine,have been performed.With respect to ecology,the diversity of wood-decaying polypores significantly differed among a boreal forest zone,a temperate and warm temperate forest zone,and a tropical and subtropical forest zone.For instance,from north to south,the number and proportion of brown-rot species and the proportion of species found on fallen trunks were both decreased.The ecological patterns of wood-decaying polypores on gymnosperm and angiosperm trees were also explored by a case study in Northeast China.Although the total species richness was similar between the two tree groups,several other characteristics were significantly different,such as community structure and richness in certain substrates.The taxonomy and phylogeny of wide samples were referred to and their phylogenetic positions were resolved or at least partially established.In particular,phylogenetic knowledge about four genera,Fomitiporia,Ganoderma,Inonotus and Perenniporia,which include medicinal species,was essential for further research to determine the medicinal values of these types of fungi.Among these medicinal species,we mainly focused on Inonotus obliquus for its medicinal purposes.Polyphenols,polysaccharides and lanostane-type triterpenoids,extracted from the sterile conk of this species,could dramatically decrease levels of free radicals,DPPH and hydroxyl radicals,respectively.The metabolic profiles(both production and composition) of cultured I.obliquus mycelia could be altered by co-culture with other medicinal species or by induction of S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation,which may enhance the antioxidant capacity of I.obliquus.     

中国淫羊藿属植物的数量分类研究(英文)

研究选择了原产中国17种淫羊藿属(Epimedium)植物41个形态学、细胞学等性状指标,根据种间欧氏距离,利用NTSYS-pc Version 2.10e软件中的UPGMA聚类分析方法和主成分分析方法,首次对该属进行数量分类研究。结果表明:被研究的17个种的各居群在UPGMA聚类中很好的分开。数量分类研究支持Section Diphyllon中的Series Brachycerae的划分。     

A numerical taxonomy of the genus Epimedium （Berberidaceae） native to China

研究选择了原产中国17种淫羊藿属（Epimedium）植物41个形态学、细胞学等性状指标,根据种间欧氏距离,利用NTSYS-pc Version 2.10e软件中的UPGMA聚类分析方法和主成分分析方法,首次对该属进行数量分类研究。结果表明：被研究的17个种的各居群在UPGMA聚类中很好的分开。数量分类研究支持Section Diphyllon中的Series Brachycerae的划分。     

Molecular and morphological identification of two new African species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes,Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Cameroon

The paper describes two new Dugesia species collected from the rivers Messassi and Ntsetsensooh in Cameroon, representing the first planarian flatworms documented from this country. Based on morphological data, the new species Dugesia bijuga Harrath & Sluys, sp. nov. is characterized mainly by the presence of two diaphragms, a barrel-shaped penis that is traversed by numerous ducts of penis glands and is provided with a short nozzle, and the presence of two atrial folds. The other new species, Dugesia pustulata Harrath & Sluys, sp. nov., is characterized mainly by absence of a penis bulb, presence of a large, elongated and weakly muscular seminal vesicle, and by the ventroposterior section of the bursal canal being thrown into distinct folds. The phylogenetic position of the two new species was determined through a molecular phylogenetic tree, based on a mitochondrial and a nuclear gene, including species from the major geographical range of distribution of the genus Dugesia. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the Cameroon lineage does not constitute a monophyletic group with the other Afrotropical species; it also showed that the African continent may house a great diversity of Dugesia species that still remains to be discovered.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:007441A5-F037-4950-9F5B-AD6ED12A40ED     

中国南方沿海13种石斑鱼类的分子系统进化关系分析

石斑鱼类(Groupers)是世界性海洋经济鱼类,也是中国南方沿海省份重要的海水增养殖对象,其种类繁多,由于缺乏明显的种间外部形态区别特征,石斑鱼的分类一直是鱼类系统分类学的一个难题,存在着较多的争议和混淆。为了从分子水平揭示石斑鱼类的系统进化关系,应用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)及两个核糖体RNA基因(16S和12S)序列联合构建系统进化树对中国近海石斑鱼亚科3属13种进行种类鉴定及亲缘关系分析,探讨了石斑鱼类的分子系统进化。结果表明:①线粒体基因序列在石斑鱼类种间存在较大的变异,种内变异极小,是进行石斑鱼类种类鉴定较为适宜的分子标记;②所研究的3属13种石斑鱼类中,石斑鱼属与九棘鲈属的亲缘关系较近,与鳃棘鲈属的较远;③赤点石斑鱼和青石斑鱼、蜂巢石斑鱼与鲑点石斑鱼、斜带石斑鱼与棕斑石斑鱼两两间具有较近的亲缘关系。     

鸡油菌,喇叭菌和钉菇的25SrDNA部分序列及其系统学关系

从分子系统学角度出发,对鸡油菌属（Ｃａｎｔｈａｒｅｌｕｓ）、喇叭菌属（Ｃｒａｔｅｒｅｌｕｓ）和钉菇属（Ｇｏｍｐｈｕｓ）的模式种的２５ＳｒＤＮＡ部分序列进行了测定,并与另外１０目的１３个担子菌和１个接合菌的２５ＳｒＤＮＡ序列进行比较分析,以接合菌总状毛霉（Ｍｕｃｏｒｒａｃｅｍｏｓｕｓ）为外类群构建出这些担子菌的部分２５ＳｒＤＮＡ序列的系统树图,探讨它们３属之间及它们与其他担子菌的关系及其系统学上的意义．认为鸡油菌与同科的喇叭菌关系最为亲近,而钉菇属看来也应该归入鸡油菌目Ｃａｎｔｈａｒｅｌａｌｅｓ中,这与传统方法的分析结果较为一致;虽然鸡油菌类真菌又与各肉质的伞菌类群的关系相对较密切,但它应该有其相对独立的进化路线,将这一类真菌上升至目一级的分类阶元是比较恰当的;但钉菇目Ｇｏｍｐｈａｌｅｓ上升到目的水平是否恰当则有待更多的数据去证明．     

基于16S rRNA序列的鳃金龟亚科5族种类的系统发育关系

测定了鳃金龟亚科部分种类的线粒体16SrRNA部分序列,运用MEGA 4.0、PAUP*4.0b10和MrBayes等软件,对5个族29个代表种的序列变异和系统关系进行了研究.序列变异分析结果显示:绢金龟族Sericini、哦鳃金龟族Hopliini、鳃金龟族Melolonthini的族内遗传距离分别为7.7%,11.3%,10.6%,族间遗传距离在12.6%～19.2%.最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)结果表明,所有种类分别聚集在所属的族下,哦鳃金龟族、绢金龟族分别为单系.齿爪鳃金龟属Holotrichia、云鳃金龟属Polyphylla、胸突鳃金龟属Hoplosternus、Hilyotrogus、双绺鳃金龟属Amphimallon、Hoplochelus、婆鳃金龟属Brahmina和皱鳃金龟属Trematodes聚在鳃金龟族分支下,没有形成明显的根鳃金龟族Rhizotrogini分支.齿爪鳃金龟属的非单系性与前人研究结果一致.皱鳃金龟属Trematodes和婆鳃金龟属Brahmina的代表种为姐妹种.绢金龟族的绢金龟属Serica和玛绢金龟属Maladera多数种类聚在本属分支下.证明16SrRNA序列可探讨鳃金龟亚科高级阶元的系统发育关系.