Localization and the interface between quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity II: The search of the interface between QFT and QG

The main topics of this second part of a two-part essay are some consequences of the phenomenon of vacuum polarization as the most important physical manifestation of modular localization. Besides philosophically unexpected consequences, it has led to a new constructive “outside-inwards approach” in which the pointlike fields and the compactly localized operator algebras which they generate only appear from intersecting much simpler algebras localized in noncompact wedge regions whose generators have extremely mild almost free field behavior.Another consequence of vacuum polarization presented in this essay is the localization entropy near a causal horizon which follows a logarithmically modified area law in which a dimensionless area (the area divided by the square of dR where dR is the thickness of a light-sheet) appears. There are arguments that this logarithmically modified area law corresponds to the volume law of the standard heat bath thermal behavior. We also explain the symmetry enhancing effect of holographic projections onto the causal horizon of a region and show that the resulting infinite dimensional symmetry groups contain the Bondi–Metzner–Sachs group. This essay is the second part of a partitioned longer paper.     

Effects of particle size on the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced Sn-Ag composite solder joint

Particulate size has significant influenced on the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced composite solder joints.In this current research,Cu or Ni reinforcement particles were mechanically added to the Sn-3.5Ag eutectic solder,and the effects of the particle size on the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced composite solder joint were systematically studied. This investigation touched on how mechanical properties of the solder joints are affected by particles size.A quantitative formula was se...     

基于散体动力学理论的掘进机星轮装载机构研究

为了解决掘进机星轮对物料推力过大,物料因惯性而不随轮齿同步运动的问题,运用散体动力学理论分析掘进机装载机构的星轮轮齿推移物料的运动过程.建立力学和数学模型,推导出掘进机星轮机构装载过程中保持物料稳定运行的推力计算公式和轮齿许用加速度范围;并用计算机模拟轮齿推力与轮齿参数的关系,提出了轮齿推移物料的动力学模型和方程,为星轮装载机构的设计和研究提供了参考依据.     

Klein-Weyl's program and the ontology of gauge and quantum systems

We distinguish two orientations in Weyl's analysis of the fundamental role played by the notion of symmetry in physics, namely an orientation inspired by Klein's Erlangen program and a phenomenological-transcendental orientation. By privileging the former to the detriment of the latter, we sketch a group(oid)-theoretical program—that we call the Klein-Weyl program—for the interpretation of both gauge theories and quantum mechanics in a single conceptual framework. This program is based on Weyl's notion of a “structure-endowed entity” equipped with a “group of automorphisms”. First, we analyze what Weyl calls the “problem of relativity” in the frameworks provided by special relativity, general relativity, and Yang-Mills theories. We argue that both general relativity and Yang-Mills theories can be understood in terms of a localization of Klein's Erlangen program: while the latter describes the group-theoretical automorphisms of a single structure (such as homogenous geometries), local gauge symmetries and the corresponding gauge fields (Ehresmann connections) can be naturally understood in terms of the groupoid-theoretical isomorphisms in a family of identical structures. Second, we argue that quantum mechanics can be understood in terms of a linearization of Klein's Erlangen program. This stance leads us to an interpretation of the fact that quantum numbers are “indices characterizing representations of groups” ((Weyl, 1931a), p.xxi) in terms of a correspondence between the ontological categories of identity and determinateness.     

Reconceptualising equilibrium in Boltzmannian statistical mechanics and characterising its existence

In Boltzmannian statistical mechanics macro-states supervene on micro-states. This leads to a partitioning of the state space of a system into regions of macroscopically indistinguishable micro-states. The largest of these regions is singled out as the equilibrium region of the system. What justifies this association? We review currently available answers to this question and find them wanting both for conceptual and for technical reasons. We propose a new conception of equilibrium and prove a mathematical theorem which establishes in full generality – i.e. without making any assumptions about the system׳s dynamics or the nature of the interactions between its components – that the equilibrium macro-region is the largest macro-region. We then turn to the question of the approach to equilibrium, of which there exists no satisfactory general answer so far. In our account, this question is replaced by the question when an equilibrium state exists. We prove another – again fully general – theorem providing necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an equilibrium state. This theorem changes the way in which the question of the approach to equilibrium should be discussed: rather than launching a search for a crucial factor (such as ergodicity or typicality), the focus should be on finding triplets of macro-variables, dynamical conditions, and effective state spaces that satisfy the conditions of the theorem.     

Multiplicity in Everett׳s interpretation of quantum mechanics

Everett׳s interpretation of quantum mechanics was proposed to avoid problems inherent in the prevailing interpretational frame. It assumes that quantum mechanics can be applied to any system and that the state vector always evolves unitarily. It then claims that whenever an observable is measured, all possible results of the measurement exist. This notion of multiplicity has been understood in different ways by proponents of Everett׳s theory. In fact the spectrum of opinions on various ontological questions raised by Everett׳s approach is rather large, as we attempt to document in this critical review. We conclude that much remains to be done to clarify and specify Everett׳s approach.     

The primitive ontology of quantum physics: Guidelines for an assessment of the proposals

The paper seeks to make progress from stating primitive ontology theories of quantum physics—notably Bohmian mechanics, the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory—to assessing these theories. Four criteria are set out: (a) internal coherence; (b) empirical adequacy; (c) relationship to other theories; and (d) explanatory value. The paper argues that the stock objections against these theories do not withstand scrutiny. Its focus then is on their explanatory value: they pursue different strategies to ground the textbook formalism of quantum mechanics, and they develop different explanations of quantum non-locality. In conclusion, it is argued that Bohmian mechanics offers a better prospect for making quantum non-locality intelligible than the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory.     

含砖粒再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土断裂性能的影响

为了探究含砖粒再生粗骨料取代天然石料对再生混凝土断裂性能的影响,制作4组不同取代率的再生混凝土梁试件,通过三点弯曲梁试验,研究各组再生混凝土的双K断裂参数、断裂能及延性指数;通过数字图像处理,对试件断面水平投影方向上的粗骨料分布进行量化,并应用差分盒算法提取试件断面分形维数用于表征其粗糙度。结果表明:再生混凝土的各项断裂参数均随含砖粒再生粗骨料取代率的增大而逐渐降低,起裂韧度较失稳韧度更容易受含砖粒再生粗骨料掺入的影响;含砖粒再生粗骨料水平投影面积与混合粗骨料水平投影面积之比可以在一定程度上反映其取代水平;随着取代率增大,试件断面分形维数逐渐降低,且断面分形维数与断裂能有较好的相关性,得出考虑含砖粒再生粗骨料取代率的断裂能与分形维数的回归方程。     

原位观察铜网格增强Al/Cu复合材料的断裂行为

将一种按正交法编织的铜网格作为增强体引入到铝基体中制备了Al/Cu复合材料,再借助原位拉伸扫描电镜(SEM),观察了铝铜复合材料的组织演变,研究了其断裂机理与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:在相同轧制变形量下,25 ℃冷轧和400 ℃热轧均可破碎增强体铜网格,并使其均匀分布于基体铝板.复合板原位拉伸下的载荷-位移曲线均表现出明显的弹性阶段、塑性阶段和失效阶段,微裂纹在Cu颗粒周围和应力集中处萌生,主裂纹及其扩展主要是Cu颗粒周围界面分层开裂与微裂纹沿滑移线方向的扩展共同作用下形成的,并且最终沿滑移线的断裂路径与单轴拉伸方向呈45°.发生在Al层的塑性断裂和Al/Cu结合界面上的界面分层断裂是Al/Cu复合板两种主要的失效方式.     

页岩自支撑裂缝导流能力预测方法研究

页岩气井的产能主要取决于支撑剂充填层裂缝和储层剪切滑移形成的自支撑裂缝提供的导流能力，目前对页岩自支撑裂缝导流能力变化规律和影响机理的认识仍不够充分，采用分形理论方法，引入裂缝开度分形维数和迂曲度分形维数对裂缝空间进行定量表征，建立了考虑闭合应力作用的自支撑裂缝导流能力数学模型。开展自支撑裂缝导流能力实验，结果显示初期裂缝导流能力可达30~50 D·cm，在40 MPa的闭合压力下仍可保持在1 D·cm以上；理论模型预测的结果与实验测试结果基本吻合；模型敏感性分析表明，裂缝开度分形维数与导流能力呈正相关关系；迂曲度分形维数与导流能力呈负相关关系。利用此方法可实现自支撑裂缝导流能力的快速、准确预测，为合理预测气井产能提供支撑。