Conservation laws for mechanical systems with unilateral holonomic constraints

A general approach to the construction of conservation laws for mechanical systems with unilateral holonomic constraints by finding corresponding integrating factors is presented.The definition of integrating factors for the Routh equations of motion of the systems is given, and the necessary conditions for the existence of conserved quantities of the unilateral holonomic constraint systems are studied in detail.The conservation theorem and its inverse for the systems are established, and an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

Approaches to prediction of impact of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction on alpine ecosystems alongside and its recovery

With the aid of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the ecosystem pattern and fragility distribution maps of the 50-km-wide zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were compiled and by using the superimposition method, range, area and indexes of the impact of various engineering activities on the ecosystems alongside the railway were studied. By making reference to the ecosystem recovery process of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, mechanisms of recovery of the alpine ecosystems alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were studied and extents and rates of the recovery were predicted.The results indicate that the impact of the railway engineering on the Alpine ecosystem depends mainly on how much the original surface soil in the zone has been disturbed and how fragile of the ecosystem per se. Restoration of vegetation coverage and species abundance shows a significantly reverse relationship with disturbance of the original surface soil but an extremely positive one with the length of the restoration period and mean annual precipitation and annual mean relative humidity in the period and no obvious bearings with altitude and temperature. In sections with an annual precipitation over 200mm, as long as a certain percentage of original soil is left in situ, it takes only 30 years or so for biodiversity to get basically restored to the original level after the construction is completed but at least 45-60 years or more for vegetation coverage.     

长江三角洲典型县域农业生态环境质量评价

选建了农业生态环境质量评价指标体系,应用基于三角白化权函数的灰色聚类评估方法,全面评价了位于长江三角洲地区的常熟市农业生态环境质量状况.结果表明,该市农业生态环境总体上处于较好状态,有利于当地农业生产的可持续发展.     

济南市南部山区采石废弃地的生态恢复探讨

在分析了济南南部山区废弃地现状及对环境的负面影响的基础上,在生态恢复理论的指导下,讨论了采石废弃地生态恢复技术途径与模式.指出应以植被重建为恢复目标,重点是改良基质,选择耐旱、耐瘠、速生、生物量大的灌木与草本为先锋植物种类,并结合当地条件,种植不同特性的植物.     

重庆市2002年生态足迹计算与分析

运用生态足迹的计算模型,分别将计算出的生物资源(农产品)和能源消耗的人均生态足迹需求进行均衡化处理,并用生物生产面积乘以产量因子,均衡化后得到重庆市的生态承载力.结果显示重庆市生态经济系统存在严重的生态赤字,必须采取相应措施,才能减少生态承载力的压力.     

城市土壤的生态服务功能演变与城市生态环境保护

城市化是急剧的土地利用变化过程。在城市化过程中，土壤的服务功能经历明显的转变，即从维系植物生长的功能为主转变为滞留、转化和净化污染的功能为主，因此，城市土壤在城市生态系统中承担着重要的生态服务功能并起着保护城市环境的作用。城市土壤在功能转变的过程中，土壤质量也发生重要的转变，这些变化包括物理的、化学的和生物学的等方面。巨大的人为影响致使城市土壤的退化比较明显。物理退化方面主要体现在由于压实导致容重增加、水分入渗速率降低，从而使降雨时地表径流系数增加、非点源污染负荷升高，对城市水体污染产生明显的影响；化学退化方面主要体现在土壤中的有机和无机污染物含量显著增加，这一方面使土壤对生物健康直接影响的可能性增加，另一方面使土壤的吸附容量接近饱和丽导致污染物的移动性提高，从而具有较高的释放潜力。城市生态系统中物质循环过程不闭合的特点，决定了城市土壤是养分和污染物末端固定者，因而城市土壤是一个人为的某些元素的地球化学“垒”(barrier)。建设健康的城市生态环境需要闭合开放状态的物质循环链条，这必然需要科学的城市土壤管理策略。     

改善西部生态环境 促进西部经济发展

恶劣的生态环境已成为21世纪制约西部经济发展的重要因素。阐述了良好的生态环境对西部经济发展的重要性，分析了西部生态环境的现状，并提出改善西部生态环境的对策和建议。     

Velocity Distribution of Slurry in Horizontal Pipe When Solid Particles Sliding

Based on the laws of momentum conservation and impulse in accelerating process, the distribution on speed of ununiform slurry flow in a horizontal pipe was studied. According to the momentum change of solid particles and conveying liquid of slurry flow during accelerating, and some effect factors, the relationship between the speed of solid particles and the speed of conveying liquid was obtained.When dealing with the friction between sliding solid particles and pipe, it is pivotal to reasonably distribute component of friction to each solid particle. The friction coefficient between solid particles was obtained by forces analysis and theoretic calculation, and can be used to calculate the friction force on every solid particle. The effect of friction on speed of ever), solid particle was investigated through the impulse law. The result is more accurate than that by using uniform friction on solid particles. It is completely new method to use above theory to get solid particles speed distribution, conveying liquid speed distribution and slurry speed distribution.     

淮河沉积物总磷和重金属沿程变化及污染评价

为了探究淮河沉积物中污染物的分布规律、来源及污染程度,于2014年7月沿淮河中下游设置16个采样断面,现场采样并检测沉积物中总磷(TP)质量比和重金属(As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)的质量比,分析沉积物中污染物的沿程分布及来源并对污染状况进行评价。研究结果表明,淮河中下游沿程各城市下游断面沉积物中污染物平均含量比上游断面高;污染物来源分析表明,所有污染物均受到点源污染的影响,其中TP和Cu受到点源污染和面源污染的共同影响;单因子标准指数法对沉积物磷污染评价结果表明,淮河干流沉积物环境质量受磷的污染相对较轻;对重金属潜在生态危害程度分析表明,无论是单个重金属的生态危害程度还是综合生态危害程度都为轻微。     

三峡库区生态敏感区土地利用变化及其生态效应研究——以奉节、巫山县为例

土地利用变化及其生态效应的研究对区域社会经济发展和生态环境建设具有重要的指导意义.以三峡库区腹地奉节县和巫山县作为研究区,选取1986—2015年4期遥感、土地利用等数据,在GIS和RS技术的支持下,运用土地利用综合程度指数及土地利用转移信息图谱分析研究区土地利用空间格局演变,从湿度、绿度、干度和热度4方面构建遥感生态指数,反映研究区生态效应时空演变,探讨土地利用变化及其与生态效应的关系.结果表明:1)就土地利用而言,在空间上,耕地和建设用地多分布于低海拔平坝河谷区,林、灌、草地多分布于高海拔中低山区,交通建设用地多分布于各类用地之间起连通的作用;在土地利用强度和转换方式上,以林、灌、草地和耕地变化最为显著.2)就RSEI而言,长江及其支流沿岸低地,受土地开发及城镇扩张的影响,生境退化严重;研究区其余范围,受退耕影响,生境趋好.研究区土地利用变化最大的地区也是生态效应变化最为剧烈的地区,若人类活动合理,生态状况好转.