A pathway profile-based method for drug repositioning

Finding new applications for existing pharmaceuticals,known as drug repositioning,is a validated strategy for resolving the problem of high expenditure but low productivity in drug discovery.Currently,the prevalent computational methods for drug repositioning are focused mainly on the similarity or relevance between known drugs based on their "features",including chemical structure,side effects,gene expression profile,and/or chemical-protein interactome.However,such drug-oriented methods may constrain the newly predicted functions to the pharmacological functional space of the existing drugs.Clinically,many drugs have been found to bind "off-target"(i.e.to receptors other than their primary targets),which can lead to undesirable effects.In this study,which integrates known drug target information,we propose a disease-oriented strategy for evaluating the relationship between drugs and disease based on their pathway profile.The basic hypothesis of this method is that drugs exerting a therapeutic effect may not only directly target the disease-related proteins but also modulate the pathways involved in the pathological process.Upon testing eight of the global best-selling drugs in 2010(each with more than three targets),the FDA(Food and Drug Administration,USA)-approved therapeutic function of each was included in the top 10 predicted indications.On average,60% of predicted results made using our method are proved by literature.This approach could be used to complement existing methods and may provide a new perspective in drug repositioning and side effect evaluation.     

Preparation and cellular uptake of PLGA particles loaded with lamivudine

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lamivudine and coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared via a double emulsion method. The influences of experiments parameters such as volume of inner aqueous phase, concentration of organic phase and ultrasonication time on the particle size and drug entrapment efficiency were investigated, obtaining PLGA particles with a diameter of ~260 nm and drug entrapment efficiency of ~35%. The particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmittance electron microscopy, showing a core-shell structure. BCA assay found that 58 mg BSA was present on/in 1 g LPB particles. The loaded lamivudine showed a burst release at beginning and sustained release until 24 h in physiological conditions. Low pH could accelerate the release of lamivudine from PLGA particles, making the PLGA particles potential intelligent intracellular drug carriers. The PLGA particles were readily internalized into the human liver cells within a short time and increased gradually with the prolongation of incubation time regardless of the loading of lamivudine. The particles either resided within lysosomes or transferred to cytoplasm, but could not enter into the cell nucleus. The cell viability was not significantly influenced in the presence of the particles regardless of lamivudine encapsulation, suggesting that this kind of particles may be a good candidate for the intracellular anti-hepatitis B drug delivery.     

固载蛋白类药物的壳聚糖基管式膜的制备及体外缓释性能研究

以壳聚糖为载体,牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药物,配制一定浓度的壳聚糖/药物溶液,将该溶液涂渍在硅胶导尿管表面,成功制备了壳聚糖基管式膜材料.考察了不同pH条件下该材料对蛋白类药物的缓释性能,并初步探讨了缓释机理.结果表明,固载蛋白类药物的壳聚糖膜材料在三种不同pH介质中对BSA均有明显的缓释作用,且在中性介质中效果最好,缓释时间超过36h,BSA缓释总量达6.0mg.该载体生物相容性好,对缓解病人术后因导尿管留置引发的尿路感染及其它副作用具有潜在的应用前景.     

综合运用虚拟筛选三维定量构效关系模型发现潜在 TRPC4 配体

瞬时感受器电位通道 4( TRPC4) 可能是一种调节人体生理和病理生理功能的关键靶点． 通过计算机辅助药物设计和一系列虚拟筛选方法，结合 Hiphop 药效学团模型，筛选出一系列可能具有良好活性的的 TRPC4 配体化合物，并研究了这些化合物对大鼠胰岛细胞生长的影响． 结果显示，其中新化合物 7 促进了大鼠胰岛细胞的生长，EC₅₀值为 3.58 μmol /L． 然而，化合物 7 对被干扰了 TRPC4 表达的大鼠胰岛细胞的生长无显著性作用． 与此同时，给予化合物 7 后，大鼠胰岛细胞 TRPC4 mRNA 的表达显著降低．因此，化合物 7 可能是一个潜在的 TRPC4 抑制剂，从而可能对糖尿病的治疗起到一定的作用．     

一种2,5–取代的吡啶类药物中间体的合成

吡啶衍生物因其独特的化学结构,已被作为一类合成子广泛地应用于药物中间体的构建。以2,5–吡啶二甲酸二甲酯为原料,通过水解、酰化和还原等反应合成了一种新的2,5–取代的吡啶类药物中间体。     

基于配体姜黄素的3D-QSAR研究进展

在药物设计合成过程中计算机辅助药物设计已经成为一种不可或缺的工具,其中,三维定量构效关系方法的应用最为广泛.文章简要介绍了姜黄素的研究进展,重点介绍计算机辅助药物设计的原理方法,综述了三维定量构效关系在药物设计中的应用,分析了三维定量构效关系在指导姜黄素类似物设计合成方面的现状,对3D-QSAR方法指导设计姜黄素类似物合成进行了展望,同时指出计算机辅助药物设计存在的一些问题.     

壳聚糖基水凝胶药物控制释放体系

水凝胶具有良好的亲水性,充分膨胀后具有与机体组织相似的物理性质,如柔软、有弹性、与生物液之间的界面张力低等。另外,水凝胶还具有孔径、机械强度和尺寸可调性等优点,适于作为药物控制释放的载体形式。壳聚糖是一种天然高分子材料,具有生物活性、良好的生物相容性、完全可降解性及无毒性等优点,是良好的药物控制释放载体材料。以壳聚糖为基材,通过物理方法或化学方法,可制备出pH敏感型、温敏型、光敏型等多种形式、不同性能的水凝胶。就壳聚糖基水凝胶的制备方法进行了详细地论述,包括通过物理作用形成水凝胶的方法及通过化学交联作用制备水凝胶的方法,探讨了壳聚糖基水凝胶对药物的担载和释放,并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

Silk Fibroin Microspheres： Preparation and Application for Controlled Drug Delivery

Silk fibroin （SF）, a natural protein polymer, has several unique properties such as aqueous processability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Due to these advantageous properties, it is promising for applications in various fields, especially drug delivery. In this paper, the simple preparation of SF microspheres was discussed via self-assembly. Some of SF＇s physicochemical properties and morphology were also investigated. The results show that the morphology, size and size distribution of silk microspheres depend upon various processing parameters, especially including volume ratios among SF, ethanol and polyvinyl alcohol （PVA）. Regular silk microspheres were obtained in PVA solution when adjusting the volume ratios of silk to ethanol from 20：1 to 20： 9. We also found that SF microspheres with various appearances were formed by addition of different PVA solution concentrations under a constant silk solution to ethanol volume ratio. From the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） of silk microspheres, it was found that introducing ethanol into the SF solution induced conformational change from random coil to β-sheet. Additionally, under the observation of scanning electron microscopy （ SEM）, the shape of self-assembled silk microspheres was determined to be spherical. Finally, SF＇s potential as drug delivery carriers was discussed in the experimental results.     

342株肠球菌的临床分类及耐药性分析

目的:了解肠球菌的临床分离率及其对常用抗生素的耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法:用Vitek 2 Compact法进行细菌鉴定及常规药敏试验。结果:临床分离到的342株肠球菌中,粪肠球菌有140例,阳性率40.9%,屎肠球菌有186例,阳性率54.4%,其它肠球菌有16例,阳性率4.7%。342株肠球菌主要分离自尿液254例,阳性率74.3%;血液28例,阳性率8.2%;脑脊液21例,阳性率6.1%;胆汁15例,阳性率5.3%。屎肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、红霉素和四环素的耐药率已接近或达到90%,而粪肠球菌对青霉素和氨苄西林仍保持100%敏感性。未发现肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素耐药。结论:革兰阳性球菌中肠球菌是引起医院感染的重要病原菌之一,肠球菌引起的感染性疾病的治疗一定要以药敏结果为指导合理选用抗生素。     

中国药品数据保护制度的政策立场与执行调适

我国现行的药品数据保护法律制度是根据TRIPS协议精神构建的。当前药品数据保护主要运用于药品注册审批管理领域。食品药品监督管理部门在执行药品数据保护制度时,遭遇到是否保护非首次提交的药品数据、监管机构能否使用保藏的药品数据、药品数据提交的豁免、药品数据的质量及保护造成的成本等方面的困扰。面对法律的概括性和医药注册管理实际状况,有必要在药品数据保护制度执行中采取具有可行性的调适措施,以促进医药知识产权保护水平的提高,规范中国的制药产业发展。