青藏高原高寒湿地生态系统演变、修复与保护

 探讨了青藏高原高寒湿地的动态变化及演变趋势，分析了湿地面积变化、生态系统结构与功能退化现状与原因。分析表明，国家近20年来在青藏高原实施的生态保护、修复及生态工程项目取得了一定的成效，但高寒湿地生态系统的退化形势依然严峻。生态保护和修复是一项系统、长期的工作，今后要加强生态修复技术研发项目与工程类项目的衔接，建立长效管理机制，提高退化湿地的自然恢复能力。同时，要构建适于青藏高原高寒湿地保护效应的评价模型和指标体系，完善重大工程项目的系统监测与评价。在黄河、长江上游源区布局高寒湿地生态系统的长期监测，将与三江源区同样重要的黄河首曲湿地、若尔盖湿地纳入国家公园管理体系，统筹规划，建立健全科技服务平台和信息共享机制。     

不同生境狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆的土壤微生物数量、分含量及酶活性的比较研究

为了解狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆的土壤微生物与生境、土壤养分及酶活性之间的关系,采集内蒙古高原不同生境下的狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆的土壤,测定土壤微生物的数量、土壤养分和土壤酶活性.研究发现：狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆土壤中的微生物数量和养分含量表现为典型草原＞荒漠草原＞荒漠;碱性磷酸酶活性表现为典型草原＞荒漠草原＞荒漠,脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性表现为荒漠草原＞典型草原＞荒漠.这些研究结果表明：狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆土壤微生物的数量和组成差异是由土壤营养、气候以及受气候决定的植被差异共同作用的结果;而土壤微生物与土壤酶活性之间的关系较为复杂.     

Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specific dD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The content and hydrogen isotope ratios of n-alkanes extracted from recent lake surface sediments sampled from nine lakes in three different climate zones on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed.Values were compared with n-alkanes in plants from lake drainages,and dD values of meteoric water,lake water,and mean annual precipitation.The results showed that n-C23was predominantly derived from aquatic plants,and n-C27–n-C33from terrestrial higher plants.The average carbon chain length of n-C27–n-C33(ACL27–33)was positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation.dD values of the long-chain n-alkanes n-C29and n-C31of terrestrial origin(varying between-214%and-169%,and-226%and-185%,respectively)were inversely correlated with mean annual precipitation;but in accordance with the average annual variations in dD(OIPC),dD values of n-C31were strongly related to the dD values of growing season meteoric water(R2=0.74).The large difference between dD values of n-C23of aquatic origin and n-C31(an average of about 27%)demonstrates the enrichment of the lake water dD compared to precipitation,caused by strong evaporation in the semiarid–arid areas of the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Average value of en C25 31=p(-95%)is evidently higher than the value observed in European wet regions(-128%);besides,en C31(about-116%)is constant along the study transect(SD=9),which indicates that n-C31is a useful proxy for the environment.     

Opening of the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang ocean:constraints from plagiogranites

This paper reports new zircon U-Pb ages,and Hf isotope and whole-rock major and trace element data for Cambrian plagiogranites from the Tuobeiling ophiolite in central Qiangtang,Tibetan Plateau.Zircon SIMS and LAICP-MS U-Pb dating of the plagiogranites yield weighted mean ages of 504.8±4.2 and 491.6±1.5 Ma,respectively.The zircons from plagiogranites exhibit positive eHf(t)values(ranging from 11.46 to 15.16),indicating that the plagiogranites are derived from depleted mantle.These plagiogranites are characterized by high SiO2and Na2O,low K2O,low REE contents,and flat REE distribution patterns.These rocks have geochemical compositions typical of oceanic plagiogranite and,considered along with their petrography and field relationships,are interpreted to have derived from anatexis of hydrated amphibolites by ductile shearing during transports of the oceanic crust.The formation age of such type of plagiogranite is slightly younger than that of the associated section of oceanic crust.Thus the new results from these plagiogranites suggest that the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang ocean had probably opened before the Middle Cambrian.     

生态建设工程对坝上农用地土壤风蚀治理的后效——以河北省张家口市康保牧场为例

通过在农牧交错带河北省张家口市坝上高原康保牧场野外调查研究,采用标桩法测定土壤风蚀厚度,计算土壤年风蚀量,采用目测法测定样地植被盖度.将该地生态建设初期与生态建设10年后的土壤风蚀量作对比.结果表明:生态建设十年后土壤风蚀量比生态建设初期土壤风蚀量明显减少,植被盖度明显增加.并提出巩固生态工程建设成果的若干建议.     

若尔盖湿地生态系统服务功能:研究现状与展望

若尔盖湿地位于青藏高原东北缘,是世界上面积最大的高寒湿地,高海拔和常年低温是其最显著的气候特征.若尔盖湿地是我国生物多样性重点保护区之一,孕育着丰富的动物、植物和微生物资源.若尔盖湿地分布有全球面积最大的高寒沼泽,具有重要的水源涵养功能和土壤碳汇功能.同时,若尔盖湿地提供高质量的牧草,是我国的第五大放牧草地.然而,近年来随着气候变化和人类活动的加剧,若尔盖湿地面临着温度上升,降水量减少,开渠排水和过度放牧等问题,鼠虫害频发和生物入侵等现象日益加剧.本文在介绍了有关若尔盖湿地生态系统服务功能和所面临生态问题以及最新研究进展后,提出了未来研究需要加强的方向.     

A very strong summer monsoon event during 30-40 kaBP in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its relation to precessional cycle

Guliya ice core records, high lake-level records in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and at its north side as well as vegetation succession records indicated that during the period of 30-40 kaBP, namely the later age of the megainterstadial of last glacial period, or the marine oxygen isotope stage 3, the climate of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was exceptionally warm and humid, the temperature was 2-4℃ higher than today and the precipitation was 40% to over 100% higher than the current average, all these suggested the existence of an exceedingly strong summer monsoon event. It has been inferred that the occurrence of such an event was attributed, on the one hand, to the stronger summer low pressure over the Plateau, which strengthened the attraction to the summer monsoon; on the other hand, to the vigorous evaporation of the tropic ocean surface, which promoted the moisture-rich southwest monsoon to flow over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The background responsible for the formation of the very strong summer monsoon was that the period of 30-40 kaBP was just in the strong insolation stage of the 20ka precessional cycle, when the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received extraordinary strong solar radiation and thus enlarged the thermodynamical contrast between the Plateau and the mid-south part of the Indian Ocean.     

黄土高原的水环境与节水农业

针对黄土高原的水环境,认为节水农业是黄土高原农业可持续发展的唯一和必然的选择． 介绍了节水农业的三种涵义以及主要的节水农业技术,并对黄土高原节水农业的模式及存在问题进行了探讨     

高原鼢鼠肌肉超临界萃取物毒性试验

为了查明高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶物质对机体是否有毒性作用,分别设1/5LD50(4·0g/kg·bw)、1/10LD50(2·0g/kg·bw)、1/15LD50(1·33g/kg·bw)三个剂量组和对照组,各试验组大鼠每日按以上剂量灌胃一次。每周称其体重、观察体重增长、食物利用率等。于试验等30天取全血作生化指标、血象以及心和肝病理组织检查。结果显示,各试验组与对照组在试验过程中无一只动物死亡,体重、食物利用率、血象、各种脏器均正常,而且能有效降低BUN胆固醇的含量。     

青藏高原多年冻土冻结强度的影响因素

对青藏高原风火山现场及室内冻胀试验进行分析的基础上,对影响青藏高原多年冻土冻结强度的土温、含水率、土质、基础桩材料等因素进行了分析,得出：土温高于-7℃范围内与负温近似成线形关系,冻结强度随含水率的增加而增大,粗颗粒土冻结强度大于细颗粒土,建筑材料越粗糙,冻结强度越大.