玉林市水资源问题与可持续利用对策研究

玉林市是一个水资源总量偏少的地区.为了保证玉林市经济社会快速、持续的发展,依法治水,科学用水,节约用水,污水资源化等是实现市域水资源开发利用和保护良性循环的重要举措,其核心是抓好农业节水和城镇用水.文章对域内水资源利用存在的问题及其可持续开发利用对策进行了可行性研究.     

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years are the focus of more and more researchers＇ attention. In this paper, both temperature and precipitation time series were found to present a monotonic increasing trend using nonparametric tests. Noticeably, a significant step change in both temperature and precipitation time series occurred in 1986. By contrasting the trends of natural water process in headstream and mainstream, we found that it was anthropogenic activities not climate change that caused the river dried up and vegetation degenerated in the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results of gray correlation analysis show that the runoff of higher latitude distributing river is more closely associated with winter snow stocking, while that of lower latitude is more closely related to summer temperature. Runoff in the headstream is more sensitive to precipitation, while that in the mainstream is more sensitive to evaporation. The strong evaporation caused by increasing temperature weakened runoff to some extent in spite of the fact that precipitation increased over the past 50 years.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of distribution patterns of microorganism relating to biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

Biological soil crusts serve as an important biological factor contributing to the sand fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of microorganism in crusts relating to locations, soil layers of sand dunes and seasons. At moss-dominated inter-dune areas, higher soil nutrient and water concentrations were likely to maintain the microbial activities. Bacteria showed the highest capabilities of settlement and growth in inter-dunes in both spring and autumn. Soil water content reached the highest value in soil crusts in the inter-dune areas, especially in spring. Variations of quantities of actinomyces and fungi basically showed the consistent trend in different locations of sand dunes. With the deepening of soil layers, vertical distribution of quantities of each microorganism group showed different characteristics because environmental factors fluctuated in both spring and autumn. Among different microorganism groups, bacteria were predominant, actinomyces the next and fungi the least in both spring and autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. The proportion of bacteria and soil water content were higher in spring than those in autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. No consistent trends were found in actinomyces and fungi. The results showed that the quantities of microorganisms were significantly positive correlated with organic matter content, soil water content, total N, total P, available P, available K, pH, electrical conductivity, total salt content,catalase, urease, phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.     

中国西南地区岩溶水资源的特点及可持续利用对策

岩溶水资源是西南岩溶地区社会经济发展的一个最为重要的支撑点．西南岩溶地区降水丰富，岩溶水资源总量大，但由于强烈的岩溶作用和岩溶植被的破坏，西南岩溶地区成为我国严重缺水的地区之一，水资源问题成为制约该地区经济发展的关键因素．充分认识西南岩溶地区水资源的赋存特点和时空演变规律，认清目前岩溶水资源开发利用中存在的问题及原因，有利于今后西南岩溶地区水资源的合理开发和保护，对实现西南岩溶地区脱贫和社会经济的可持续发展具有重要意义．从地质背景和人类活动胁迫两方面分析了岩溶含水层的特点以及目前西南岩溶地区水资源开发利用中存在的突出问题，提出了西南岩溶区水资源的可持续利用的对策．     

一个异步的PGD算法

分析了并行优化算法中同步运算与异步运算的优缺点。提出完全异步的PGD算法。并且在一定的条件下。给出了算法的收敛性证明。最后结合大规模分布式并行计算机系统曙光-2000做出数值试验。结果说明异步的并行优化算法的效率高于同步的算法。     

发电偏离电量的网损影响

运用发电偏离电量与网损分配的数学模型,通过特定电网对电量偏离的特征和影响进行了计算与分析.由于电源点离负荷中心的电气距离不同,形成了两种典型的发电偏离电量网损微增特性.按照发电偏离电量对电网运行的影响,提出了3种偏离程度的认定与划分判据.此方案已被电力部门采纳,经实际运行,证明是切实可行的.     

故障条件下的联邦滤波鲁棒信息分配方法研究

研究了某个子系统发生传感器故障时,信息分配对无故障子系统的鲁棒性影响问题。基于提高无故障子系统的抗故障污染能力考虑,从使故障影响极小化出发提出了一种鲁棒信息分配思想。对于仅由双子滤波器组成的联邦滤波结构,给出了一种基于故障检测函数的自适应信息分配方法。从概率的角度,根据这种方法可使其他无故障子滤波器具有较强的抗干扰能力。对于具有主滤波器的联邦滤波结构,给出了一种给定故障衰减系数条件下的鲁棒信息分配系数设计方法。理论分析表明,该方法可使其他无故障子滤波器对故障具有很强的抗干扰能力,从而有利于提高联邦滤波器的快速重构能力。仿真说明本文思想是可行的。     

我国水能资源开发利用及环境与生态保护问题探讨

水能是清洁可再生能源，是实现可持续发展战略的优质能源。我国水能资源丰富，优先开发利用水能是我国能源发展的重要方针。开发利用水能资源，可减少开采煤炭和燃煤发电对环境的污染，有利于保护环境与生态。但修建大坝截断河道，使河流水沙情势发生变化，对环境与生态产生不利影响，应研究采取对策措施，处理好开发利用水能和保护环境与生态的关系。开发利用水能应按流域综合规划要求，科学合理和适度有序地进行，把开发水能与流域水资源综合利用、保护环境与生态和推动地区经济社会发展有机结合起来，切实做好移民安置工作，改善移民生活和生产条件，促进库区经济建设与环境保护协调发展。     

水工程与水环境

通过分析水的属性与特点，说明水在地球环境和人类社会发展中的地位和作用．50多年来，随着我国人口和经济的快速发展，水的需求迅猛增长，修建了大量水利工程，为经济社会发展和改善人民生活水平作出了重要贡献．但也给生态环境带来一些不良影响，受到社会各界的广泛关注．笔者提出了保护水资源、水环境和生态环境的若干建议，呼吁水利工作者和社会公众不断增强水忧患意识和社会责任感，共同保护好人类生存发展的美好家园．     

我国城市化进程中的水资源环境问题

城市化进程中，城市水文循环和水环境物质代谢的失衡严重影响着城市水环境的量和质，使城市水资源环境问题日益突出。本文在对城市水文循环和水环境物质代谢分析的基础上，提出城市化过程中城市环境面临的挑战，最后简要提出了城市水资源环境问题解决的战略构思。