Fine mapping of <Emphasis Type="Italic">qHUS6.1</Emphasis>, a quantitative trait locus for silicon content in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Silicon is essential for optimal growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study was conducted to fine map qHUS6.1, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for rice hull silicon content previously located in the interval RM510–RM19417 on the short arm of chromosome 6, and to analyze the effect of this QTL on the silicon content in different organs of rice. Selfed progenies of a residual heterozygous line of rice were detected using 13 microsatellite markers in the vicinity of qHUS6.1. Three plants with overlapping heterozygous segments were selected. Three sets of near isogenic lines (NILs) were developed from the selfed progenies of the 3 plants. They were grown in a paddy field and the silicon contents of the hull, flag leaf, and stem were measured at maturity. Based on analyses of the phenotypic distribution and variance among different genotypic groups in the same NIL set, a significant genotypic effect was shown in the NIL set that was heterogenous in the interval RM19410–RM5815, whereas a significant effect was not found in the remaining 2 NIL sets that were heterogenous in either of the intervals RM4923–RM19410 or RM19417–RM204. On comparison among the physical positions of the 3 heterogenous segments, qHUS6.1 was delimited to a 64.2-kb region flanked by RM19410 and RM19417 that contains nine annotated genes according to the genome sequence of Nipponbare. This QTL showed strong effects on all of the three traits tested, and the enhancing alleles were always derived from the paternal line Milyang 46. The present study will facilitate the cloning of qHUS6.1 and the exploration of new genetic resources for QTL fine mapping.     

中国水稻主要病害发生率非线性特征的R/S分析

概述了中国水稻主要病害（稻瘟病、纹枯病、白叶纹枯病）1950-2007年的发生状况。应用重标极差分析（R/S）方法,算出了3种病害发生率时间序列的Hurst指数、分形维和关联尺度,并根据V统计量估计了3种病害流行的非周期循环长度。     

发酵水稻秸秆产酸复合菌群的筛选与评价

 为开发秸秆发酵生产有机挥发酸的微生物种子资源和研究材料,以牛粪、猪粪堆肥、玉米地土壤、腐木以及猪粪堆肥和腐木混合物为接种物,通过传代富集培养,选育到发酵水稻秸秆产酸性能相对稳定的5个复合菌群,即FM_c、FM_d、FM_s、FM_w和FM_(d+w).经测试,FM_w具有最高的秸秆降解能力,其秸秆降解率可达46.4%;菌群FM_(d+w)发酵秸秆的总酸和丁酸比产率最高,分别为0.64和0.48g/g;发酵秸秆产乙酸能力以菌群FM_d最为突出,其乙酸比产率为0.35g/g.5个复合菌群均缺乏酸性纤维素酶活性,极大限制了秸秆降解率和产酸率,需要进一步的耐酸驯化和培养条件优化.     

不同稻作区蜘蛛群落组成与分布比较

根据中国水稻所的“中国水稻种植区划”分区系统,按水稻分区研究了蜘蛛群落组成及其优势种的地理分布特点。在全国六大稻作区内设82个样点,以水稻抽穗期作一次性调查,所获标本经鉴定,计有21科,74属,163种,优势种蜘蛛8科,12属,26种,稻作区及稻作亚区之间,蜘蛛及其优势种蜘蛛科的变化不大,属的变化明显,种的变化最明显,稻作区蜘蛛及其优势种类群,总分布趋势是从南向北逐渐递减,其中种数最多的亚区为“Ⅰ1,闽粤桂台平原丘陵双季稻亚区”,“Ⅱ2,滇南河谷盆地单季稻亚区”,“Ⅲ2,滇川高原岭谷单季稻两熟亚区”,最少的亚区为“Ⅴ1,黑吉平原河谷特早熟亚区”,“Ⅴ2,黑吉平原河谷特早熟亚区”与“Ⅲ3,青藏高寒河谷单季稻亚区”。     

水稻广亲和基因互作研究中测交种的再生体系建立

研究组织培养中水稻种子胚愈伤组织的诱导与2,4－D（2,4－二氯苯氧乙酸）质量浓度变化的关系,结果表明,2,4－D质量浓度为0．1mg/L时诱导愈伤组织的效率高达88．9％,低质量浓度及高质量浓度的2,4－D则均不适宜水稻成熟胚愈伤组织的形成;在此基础上成功建立了用于广亲和基因互作研究的受体杂交水稻F1代测交种的再生体系,并探讨了从愈伤组织分化到再生植株形成过程中可能出现的一系列问题,为F1代测交种的遗传转化奠定了基础。     

盐胁迫下水稻和黑麦幼苗蛋白质组份的变化

耐盐的779水稻幼苗中,盐胁迫后诱导出66kD/P15\5和26kD/p16.0的特异蛋白组份,并有多种蛋白质组份消失和含量减少现象,而在盐敏感的早花2号水稻中,虽然也有少数蛋白质组份被诱导产生,但没有检测到66kD和26kD两种蛋白质组份,并且双向SDS－PAGE谱型相对稳定,一般耐盐的黑麦幼苗中经盐胁迫后也诱导出26kD蛋白组份,因此,66kD,26kD两种蛋白组份可能与耐盐性有关。     

含编码类铁氧还双亲性蛋白ap1基因的转基因水稻植株的获得

利用基因枪法将含有潮霉素抗性基因（hpt),gusA报告基因和ap1基因的2个质粒（pJIMB15和pBiSAP1)共同转化同转化由粳稻品种鄂宜105号种 子在胚诱导的愈伤组织（2－3周龄）。ap1基因编码一种双亲性的蛋白。该蛋白能延缓因假单孢菌感染所引起的非寄主植物中的过敏反应。经过2轮潮霉素（30mg/L)筛选,抗性愈伤组织被转入含30mg/L潮霉素的再生培养基中再生植株。从轰击的186块愈伤组织中共再生出32株独立的转基因水稻植株（转化率为17．2％）,PCR／Southern blot分析显示84％的转基因植株含有所有3个基因。     

通过遗传转化获得含多基因的水稻转基因纯合植株

利用基因枪法将含有4个不同基因的3个质粒共转化由粳稻品种鄂宜105号和鄂晚5号种子胚诱导的愈伤组织（5－10d龄）。从轰击的986块愈合组织中共再生出169株独立的转基因水稻植株（转化率为17％）。PCR／Southern blot分析显示70％以上的转基因植株含有所有4个基因。GUS组织化学分析、Western blot和或RT－PCR分析表明所有4个基因的共表达率为70％。未观察到任何质粒在整合中存在优势,转基因拷贝数也与基因表达量无关。遗传分析证实外源基因在后代植株中大多以孟德尔方式遗传。从其R1代为3：1孟德尔方式遗传的后代R2代植株中,鉴定含有3个或4个不同基因的转基因纯合植株系。PCR／Southern blot分析证实了这些转基因纯合植株系。这些系的植株具有相似的外源基因表达量。我们证实通过基因枪介导的共转化,结合常规育种方法筛选可以获得含多基因的转基因水稻纯合植株。这项技术为利用基因同时改良作用多个性状提供了一种途径。     

Expression analysis ofgdcsP promoter from C3-C4 intermediate plantFlaveria anomala in transgenic rice

ThegdcsP promoter isolated from C₃-C₄ intermediate plantFlaveria anomala was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. The chimeric gene was inserted into the binary vector pBin19 and introduced into the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. 8706 byAgrobacteriummediated gene transfer. GUS activity can be detected in leaf, leaf sheath, stem and root tissues via fluorometric GUS assay. However, no GUS activity was found in mature endosperm. Histochemical localization revealed that GUS expression was exclusively restricted to vascular tissues in transgenic plants. This promoter also showed spatial-temporal expression patterns that GUS expression declined significantly with the maturity of plants. These expression patterns make thegdcsP promoter extremely valuable in the applied biotechnology that needs target gene expression restricted to vascular tissues.     

Mapping of a new gene for brown planthopper resistance in cultivated rice introgressed fromOryza eichingeri

Wild rice species is an important source of useful genes for cultivated rice improvement. Some accessions of Oryza eichingeri (2n = 24, CC) from Africa confer strong resistance to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and bacterial blight (BB). In the present study, restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis were performed on disomic backcross plants between Oryza sativa (2n = 24, AA) and O. eichingeri in order to identify the presence of O. eichingeri segments and further to localize BPH-resistant gene. In the introgression lines, 1—6 O. eichingeri segments were detected on rice chromosomes 1, 2, 6, or/and 10. The dominant BPH resistant gene, tentatively named Bph13(t), was mapped to chromosome 2, being 6.1 and 5.5 cM away from two microsatellite markers RM240 and RM250, respectively. The transfer and localization of this gene from O. eichingeri will contribute to the improvement of BPH resistance in cultivated rice.