降雨径流系列的一致性分析

以吉林省平原区十屋水文站降雨径流系列为例,进行了降雨径流特性的分析,内容包括降雨径流双累积曲线的特性分析、年径流系数的变化过程分析、秩和检验等.     

广西石漠化地区坡面土壤侵蚀规律研究

为了研究广西石漠化地区坡面土壤侵蚀中各影响因子的影响规律,通过自制大型降雨试验装置模拟坡面土壤在不同雨强、坡度和干容重条件下的土壤侵蚀现象。结果表明:边坡坡度在5°~25°范围内变化时,坡面土壤侵蚀量随坡度的增加趋势呈先慢后快,但当坡度超过25°时,土壤侵蚀量表现为减小趋势;雨强在0.5~2.0 mm/min范围内变化时,坡面土壤侵蚀量随雨强的增加呈近似指数关系增长,但当雨强不超过0.5 mm/min时,土壤侵蚀量基本可忽略不计,坡面土壤侵蚀量主要由2.0 mm/min的侵蚀性强降雨引起;干容重在0.9~1.2 g/cm3范围内变化时,土壤侵蚀量随干容重增长表现为线性减小关系;引起广西石漠化地区坡面土壤侵蚀的主要因子为雨强,其对土壤侵蚀量的影响明显高于干容重和坡度。因此,对广西石漠化地区坡面土壤侵蚀的防治,应着重控制侵蚀性强降雨、陡坡耕种等对坡面水土流失的影响。     

降雨入渗对裂隙性粘土边坡稳定性作用机理的分析

为进一步认识降雨入渗对裂隙性粘土边坡稳定性的作用机理,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,研究了降雨条件下不同裂隙深度、裂隙开口宽度、裂隙分布位置、降雨强度和降雨持时等对裂隙性粘土边坡渗流场的影响,并进行了相应的稳定性评价.研究结果表明:裂隙的存在改变坡体的入渗能力和入渗路径;裂隙开裂越深,饱和区域越大,边坡稳定性越低;裂隙开口宽度的大小对稳定性的影响不大;裂隙分布在坡顶时易发生浅层破坏,稳定性较低,降雨容易导致浅层破坏,且对裂隙分布坡底边坡稳定性影响大;降雨强度主要影响裂隙层达到饱和的快慢,对于边坡的长期稳定性的影响则可以忽略;裂隙粘土边坡稳定性随降雨持续时间的增加而减小,当裂隙层达到饱和后,其安全系数基本不变.     

降雨条件下边坡各向异性渗流及稳定性的模拟分析

基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,针对不同的渗透系数异向性比值,以及不同的渗透系数张量主轴方向与水平方向夹角,对降雨条件下边坡地下水渗流场动态变化进行了数值模拟,分析了降雨过程中边坡孔隙水压力分布规律,得到了边坡安全系数随降雨持续时间的变化规律.数值模拟结果表明,土体各向异性渗流对降雨条件下边坡渗流场及安全系数有着显著的影响.     

Numerical simulation of topography effects on the "00.7" severe rainfall in Beijing

In an effort to study the severe rainfall event of 4-5th July 2000 in Beijing (with 24h accumulated precipitation of 240 mm), we perform numerical simulations to investigate this event using the MM5v3.6 model. The model is initialized with the MM5/WRF 3DVAR analysis, which incorporates the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations in its assimilation step. For 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast, the threat scores are 0.72, 0.76, 0.67 and 0.63, for thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm, respectively. Holding other factors unchanged, sensitivity experiments were conducted with different topographic resolutions of 110, 50 and 3.7 km to investigate the topographic effects on precipitation over the Beijing area. In these sensitivity experiments, we attempt to preserve the realistic orographic distribution in the model topography under the condition of keeping the dynamic-thermodynamic consistency of the initial model atmosphere to the extent possible. Results indicate that the unique topographic distribution and variations in the Beijing area play an important role in determining the location, distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.     

基于Geo-Slope的土质滑坡稳定性分析

滑坡的稳定性受降雨、地震等因素影响较大,在各种稳定性分析方法下的安全系数有一定的差别.以芦山地震震区某土质滑坡为例,通过现场的工程地质勘查,分析了该滑坡的基本特征.在Geo-Studio的Slop/W模块中建立模型,分析该滑坡在天然、暴雨、地震3种工况下的稳定性,采用摩根斯坦—普瑞斯法、毕肖普法、简布法与一般方法计算安全系数.     

秦岭近邻地区秋季暴雨的天气动力学分析

对2005年10月1-2日秦岭近邻地区连阴雨中的暴雨天气的成因进行分析,结果表明：暴雨发生在500hPa东亚稳定的东高低环流形势下;低空西南急流为雨区提供了大量热量、动量及水汽,而高、低空急流的次级环流以及锋面次级环流之间的耦合加大了低层辐合和高层辐散,使暴雨区产生了强烈上升运动,为产生暴雨的中-α尺度系统形成提供了有利的大尺度环流背景场,秦巴山区复杂地形对产生暴雨中-α尺度的形成和发展也有一定的激发作用;螺旋度强度变化对暴雨发生发展有一定的指示意义。暴雨发生前对流中底层有较大螺旋度值,且呈下正上负的垂直结构,暴雨一般发生在对流层低层螺旆度正值中心的前方．     

Rainfall-interception effect of vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

This paper divides the process of rainfall redistribution into four levels in vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River. These levels include arbor interception, litter interception, soil interception and surface runoff. The results showed that the maximum of interception was 8.10 mm, the mean interception was 4.53 mm, the maximum of interception rate was 56.10 % and the mean interception rate was 32.63 %.When the rainfall is over 20 mm, the interception rate descends rapidly along with the rainfall increasing. The maximum of water-holding content of litter was 8.14-20.33 t/hm^2, the mean of which is 12.52 t/hm^2 and the maximum of water-holding content was over two times of it own weight. The rainfall of litter interception was 150.24 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 24.48%.The maximum water-holding capacity of soil achieves 2 198.54 t/hm^2, but that of the barren land is 1 825.60 t/hm^2. The rainfall of soil interception was 219.87 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 35.82%. The surface runoff of vegetation restored region was 43.41 mm, accounted for 7.07% of the rainfall income, but the surface runoff of non-forest land was 413,24 mm, accounts for 70.26% of the rainfall income.The surface runoff of the planted forest community was by 63.19% lower than that of the non-forest land. Through the interception of the forest land that reduced the soil erosion effectively, good hydrology effect was obtained.     

阿拉滑坡形成机制及堵江分析

阿拉滑坡是特大型古滑坡,会理"8.30"地震后出现复活迹象,若坡体发生快速整体滑动,将会堵塞金沙江并直接威胁对岸成昆铁路师庄火车站,后果不堪设想.本文在地质勘察的基础上,分析了阿拉滑坡形成机制并对堵江可能性进行了计算分析.     

黄土地区小流域次暴雨侵蚀产沙研究

通过坡面模拟降雨实验，分析了黄土地区坡面降雨径流产沙过程的主要影响因素，建立了坡面径流含沙量与坡面流量、前期土壤含水量、土壤干容重之间的定量关系。应用实测资料分析了黄土地区暴雨径流侵蚀产沙特点，建立了考虑流域前期土壤含水量和径流涨落段的含沙量与流量之间的水沙传递关系，建立了小流域次暴雨侵蚀产沙模型。经用实测资料计算检验，此模型对小流域次暴雨侵蚀产沙过程及产沙总量的计算结果都具有较高的精度。